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theben electrical components are photodetectors that convert light into current or voltage signals depending on the mode of use. The die typically uses a PN junction with photosensitive characteristics, which is highly sensitive to changes in light, exhibits unidirectional conductivity, and changes its electrical properties with varying light intensity; therefore, the current in the circuit can be altered by the intensity of illumination. Photodiodes are also called photoelectric diodes. Photodiodes are similar in structure to semiconductor diodes; their die is a PN junction with photosensitive characteristics and unidirectional conductivity, so during operation a reverse voltage must be applied. In the absence of light, there is a very small saturated reverse leakage current, known as dark current, at which point the photodiode is cut off. When exposed to light, the saturated reverse leakage current increases significantly, forming a photocurrent that varies with the intensity of the incident light. When light irradiates the PN junction, it generates electron-hole pairs in the PN junction, increasing the density of minority carriers. These carriers drift under reverse voltage, causing the reverse current to increase. Therefore, the current in the circuit can be changed by the intensity of illumination.

theben electrical component principle

In chemical batteries, the direct conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy results from spontaneous oxidation-reduction reactions occurring inside the battery; these reactions take place at two electrodes. The negative electrode active material consists of reducing agents with a more negative potential and stability in the electrolyte, such as active metals like zinc, cadmium, and lead, as well as hydrogen or hydrocarbons. The positive electrode active material consists of oxidizing agents with a more positive potential and stability in the electrolyte, such as metal oxides like manganese dioxide, lead dioxide, and nickel oxide, oxygen or air, halogens and their salts, oxyacids and their salts, etc. The electrolyte is a material with good ionic conductivity, such as aqueous solutions of acids, alkalis, and salts, organic or inorganic non-aqueous solutions, molten salts, or solid electrolytes. When the external circuit is open, although there is a potential difference (open-circuit voltage) between the two poles, no current flows, and the chemical energy stored in the battery is not converted into electrical energy. When the external circuit is closed, current flows through the external circuit under the action of the potential difference between the two electrodes. Meanwhile, inside the battery, since there are no free electrons in the electrolyte, charge transfer must be accompanied by oxidation or reduction reactions at the interface between the active materials of the two electrodes and the electrolyte, as well as mass transfer of reactants and reaction products. Charge transfer in the electrolyte is also accomplished by ion migration. Therefore, normal charge and mass transfer processes inside the battery are necessary conditions for ensuring normal electrical energy output. During charging, the direction of charge and mass transfer processes inside the battery is exactly opposite to that during discharging; the electrode reactions must be reversible to ensure the normal progress of reverse mass and charge transfer processes. Therefore, reversibility of electrode reactions is a necessary condition for constituting a storage battery. This is the basic thermodynamic relationship between battery electromotive force and battery reaction, and also the basic thermodynamic equation for calculating battery energy conversion efficiency. In practice, when current flows through the electrodes, the electrode potential deviates from the thermodynamic equilibrium electrode potential; this phenomenon is called polarization. The greater the current density (current passing through unit electrode area), the more severe the polarization. Polarization is one of the important causes of battery energy loss. There are three causes of polarization: (1) polarization caused by the resistance of various parts within the battery is called ohmic polarization; (2) polarization caused by the hindrance of the charge transfer process in the electrode-electrolyte interface layer is called activation polarization; (3) polarization caused by the sluggishness of the mass transfer process in the electrode-electrolyte interface layer is called concentration polarization. Methods to reduce polarization include increasing the electrode reaction area, reducing current density, raising the reaction temperature, and improving the catalytic activity of the electrode surface.

theben electrical component parameters

The main parameters of transistors include current amplification factor, dissipation power, frequency characteristics, maximum collector current, maximum reverse voltage, and reverse current. Amplification factor: The DC current amplification factor, also known as the static current amplification factor or DC amplification ratio, refers to the ratio of the transistor collector current to the base current when there is no changing signal input in the static state. AC amplification factor: The AC amplification factor, i.e., the AC current amplification factor or dynamic current amplification factor, refers to the ratio of the change in transistor collector current to the change in base current under AC conditions. Dissipation power: Dissipation power, also known as the maximum allowable collector dissipation power PCM, refers to the maximum collector dissipation power when the transistor parameters do not exceed the specified allowable values. Dissipation power is closely related to the transistor's maximum allowable junction temperature and maximum collector current. During use, the actual power consumption of the transistor must not exceed the PCM value; otherwise, the transistor will be damaged due to overload. When the transistor's operating frequency exceeds the cutoff frequency, its current amplification factor will decrease as the frequency rises. The maximum oscillation frequency refers to the frequency at which the transistor's power gain drops to 12. Typically, the maximum oscillation frequency of high-frequency transistors is lower than the common-base cutoff frequency, while the characteristic frequency is higher than the common-base cutoff frequency and lower than the common-collector cutoff frequency. Maximum current: The maximum collector current refers to the maximum current allowed to pass through the transistor collector. Maximum reverse voltage: The maximum reverse voltage refers to the highest working voltage allowed to be applied to the transistor during operation. It includes the collector-emitter reverse breakdown voltage, collector-base reverse breakdown voltage, and emitter-base reverse breakdown voltage. The collector reverse breakdown voltage refers to the maximum allowable reverse voltage between the collector and emitter when the transistor base is open. The base reverse breakdown voltage refers to the maximum allowable reverse voltage between the collector and base when the transistor emitter is open. The emitter reverse breakdown voltage refers to the maximum allowable reverse voltage between the emitter and base when the transistor collector is open. The reverse current between the base and collector, also known as the collector junction reverse leakage current, refers to the reverse current between the collector and base when the transistor emitter is open. The reverse breakdown current between the emitter and collector refers to the reverse leakage current between the collector and emitter when the transistor base is open, also known as the penetration current. The smaller this current value, the better the performance of the transistor.

theben electrical component principle

The forward characteristic of the volt-ampere characteristic curve of a Zener diode is similar to that of an ordinary diode. In the reverse characteristic, when the reverse voltage is below the reverse breakdown voltage, the reverse resistance is very high and the reverse leakage current is extremely small. However, when the reverse voltage approaches the critical value of the reverse breakdown voltage, the reverse current suddenly increases, a phenomenon known as breakdown. At this critical breakdown point, the reverse resistance suddenly drops to a very small value. Although the current varies over a wide range, the voltage across the diode remains basically stable near the breakdown voltage, thereby achieving the voltage stabilization function of the diode.

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