VALUENLINE electrical components Germany VALUENLINE model VALUENLINE price

VALUENLINE electrical components are photodetectors that convert light into current or voltage signals depending on the mode of use. The die often uses a PN junction with photosensitive characteristics, which is highly sensitive to changes in light and has unidirectional conductivity. Moreover, it changes its electrical properties when the light intensity varies, so the current in the circuit can be changed by adjusting the light intensity. Photodiodes are also called photoelectric diodes. Photodiodes are similar in structure to semiconductor diodes; their die is a PN junction with photosensitive characteristics and has unidirectional conductivity, therefore a reverse voltage must be applied during operation. When there is no illumination, there is a very small saturated reverse leakage current, i.e., dark current, and the photodiode is cut off. When illuminated, the saturated reverse leakage current increases significantly, forming a photocurrent that varies with the intensity of the incident light. When light irradiates the PN junction, electron-hole pairs are generated in the PN junction, increasing the density of minority carriers. These carriers drift under the reverse voltage, causing the reverse current to increase. Therefore, the current in the circuit can be changed by adjusting the light intensity.

VALUENLINE electrical component principle

A Schottky diode is a metal-semiconductor device made by using noble metals (gold, silver, aluminum, platinum, etc.) A as the anode and N-type semiconductor B as the cathode, utilizing the rectifying characteristics of the barrier formed at the contact surface between the two. Because there are a large number of electrons in the N-type semiconductor and only a very small number of free electrons in the noble metal, electrons diffuse from the high-concentration B to the low-concentration A. Obviously, there are no holes in the metal A, so there is no diffusion movement of holes from A to B. As electrons continuously diffuse from B to A, the electron concentration on the surface of B gradually decreases, destroying the surface electrical neutrality, thus forming a barrier whose electric field direction is B → A. However, under the action of this electric field, electrons in A also produce a drift motion from A → B, thereby weakening the electric field formed by the diffusion motion. After a space charge region of a certain width is established, the electron drift motion caused by the electric field and the electron diffusion motion caused by the concentration difference reach a relative balance, forming a Schottky barrier. The internal circuit structure of a typical Schottky rectifier uses N-type semiconductor as the substrate, on which an N-epitaxial layer doped with arsenic is formed. The anode uses materials such as molybdenum or aluminum to form a barrier layer. Silicon dioxide is used to eliminate the electric field in the edge region and improve the voltage withstand value of the tube. The N-type substrate has a very small on-state resistance, and its doping concentration is 109% times higher than that of the H-layer. An N+ cathode layer is formed under the substrate to reduce the contact resistance of the cathode. By adjusting the structural parameters, a Schottky barrier is formed between the N-type substrate and the anode metal.

VALUENLINE electrical component characteristics

The so-called dynamic characteristics refer to the output characteristics of a sensor when the input changes. In practical work, the dynamic characteristics of a sensor are often expressed by its response to certain standard input signals. This is because the sensor's response to standard input signals is easy to obtain by experimental methods, and there is a certain relationship between its response to standard input signals and its response to any input signal; often, knowing the former allows one to deduce the latter. The most commonly used standard input signals are step signals and sinusoidal signals, so the dynamic characteristics of sensors are also often expressed by step response and frequency response.

VALUENLINE electrical component characteristics

Sensitivity refers to the ratio of the change in output quantity to the change in input quantity of a sensor under steady-state operating conditions. It is the slope of the output-input characteristic curve. If the output and input of the sensor show a linear relationship, then the sensitivity S is a constant. Otherwise, it will vary with the change in input quantity. The dimension of sensitivity is the ratio of the dimensions of the output and input quantities. When the dimensions of the output and input quantities of the sensor are the same, sensitivity can be understood as the amplification factor. Increasing sensitivity can achieve higher measurement accuracy. However, the higher the sensitivity, the narrower the measurement range, and the stability is often poorer.

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