VIASOUND electrical components Germany VIASOUND model VIASOUND price

VIASOUND electrical components refer to devices that convert chemical energy into electrical energy, consisting of part of the space in cups, tanks, or other containers or composite vessels holding electrolyte solutions and metal electrodes to generate current. They have distinct positive and negative poles. With technological advancements, batteries generally refer to small devices capable of generating electrical energy, such as solar cells. Key performance parameters of batteries include electromotive force, capacity, specific energy, and resistance. Using batteries as an energy source provides stable voltage, stable current, long-term stable power supply, and current minimally affected by external factors. Additionally, batteries feature a simple structure, are portable, offer easy charging and discharging operations, are unaffected by external climate and temperature, and provide stable and reliable performance, playing a significant role in various aspects of modern social life.

VIASOUND electrical component performance

(1) Electromotive force: Electromotive force is the difference between the equilibrium electrode potentials of the two electrodes. (2) Rated capacity: The theoretical capacity of a battery can be precisely calculated based on the amount of active electrode material in the battery reaction equation and the electrochemical equivalent of the active material calculated according to Faraday's law. Due to possible side reactions in the battery and special design requirements, the actual capacity of the battery is often lower than the theoretical capacity. (3) Rated voltage: The typical operating voltage of a battery at room temperature, also known as nominal voltage. It serves as a reference when selecting different types of batteries. The actual operating voltage of a battery equals the difference between the equilibrium electrode potentials of the positive and negative electrodes under different usage conditions. It depends only on the type of electrode active material, not on the quantity of active material. Battery voltage is essentially DC voltage; however, under certain special conditions, phase changes in metal crystals or certain formation films caused by electrode reactions can cause minor voltage fluctuations, a phenomenon known as noise. The amplitude of fluctuation is very small but the frequency range is wide, distinguishing it from self-excited noise in circuits. (4) Open-circuit voltage: The terminal voltage of a battery in an open-circuit state is called the open-circuit voltage. The open-circuit voltage of a battery equals the difference between the positive electrode potential and the negative electrode potential when the battery is in an open circuit (i.e., no current flows through the two poles). The open-circuit voltage of a battery is denoted by V. The open-circuit voltage of a battery is generally less than its electromotive force. This is because the electrode potentials established by the two poles in the electrolyte solution are usually not equilibrium electrode potentials, but stable electrode potentials. Generally, the open-circuit voltage of a battery can be approximated as its electromotive force. (5) Internal resistance: The internal resistance of a battery refers to the resistance encountered when current flows through the interior of the battery. It includes ohmic internal resistance and polarization internal resistance; polarization internal resistance further includes electrochemical polarization internal resistance and concentration polarization internal resistance. Due to the presence of internal resistance, the operating voltage of a battery is always less than its electromotive force or open-circuit voltage. The internal resistance of a battery is not constant; it changes continuously over time (gradually increasing) during charging and discharging processes because the composition of active materials, electrolyte concentration, and temperature are constantly changing. Ohmic internal resistance obeys Ohm's law. Polarization internal resistance increases with increasing current density, but not linearly; it typically increases as current density increases. Internal resistance is an important indicator determining battery performance, directly affecting the battery's operating voltage, operating current, output energy, and power. For batteries, the smaller the internal resistance, the better. (6) Impedance: Batteries have a large electrode-electrolyte interface area, so a battery can be equivalently modeled as a series circuit of a large capacitor with a small resistor and inductor. However, the actual situation is much more complex, especially since battery impedance changes with time and DC level. The measured impedance is only valid for the specific measurement state. (7) Charge/discharge rate: There are two representation methods: hour rate and C-rate. The hour rate expresses the charge/discharge rate in terms of charge/discharge time, numerically equal to the battery's rated capacity (ampere-hours) divided by the specified charge/discharge current (amperes), resulting in hours. The C-rate is another way to express charge/discharge rate, numerically equal to the reciprocal of the hour rate. The discharge rate of primary batteries is expressed by the time taken to discharge through a fixed resistor to the cutoff voltage. Discharge rate has a significant impact on battery performance. (8) Service life: Storage life refers to the maximum allowable storage time from battery manufacture to initial use, measured in years. The total period including both storage and usage periods is called the battery's shelf life. The storage life of batteries is categorized into dry storage life and wet storage life. Cycle life is the maximum number of charge/discharge cycles a rechargeable battery can achieve under specified conditions. When specifying cycle life, the charge/discharge cycle test protocol must also be defined, including charge/discharge rate, depth of discharge, and ambient temperature range. (9) Self-discharge rate: The rate at which a battery loses capacity spontaneously during storage. It is expressed as the percentage of capacity lost due to self-discharge per unit storage time relative to the capacity before storage.

VIASOUND electrical component features

The characteristics of self-resetting fuses include high breaking current capacity, capable of interrupting AC currents and even higher currents. This type of fuse has a very significant current-limiting effect; when instantaneous current reaches close to 172 kA, it can rapidly limit the current. The structure of a self-resetting fuse mainly consists of current terminals (also called electrodes), mica glass (filler), insulating tube, fusible element, piston, argon gas, and housing. The housing of the self-resetting fuse is generally made of stainless steel. The stainless steel sleeve is separated from the internal beryllium oxide ceramic insulating tube by mica glass, which serves as both filler and insulator. Self-resetting fuses operate based on the characteristic of sodium metal whose resistance increases sharply at high temperatures. Under normal operating conditions, current flows from the left current terminal, through the sodium metal fusible element in the fine holes of the beryllium oxide ceramic insulating tube, to the right current terminal, forming a current path. When a short-circuit fault occurs, the short-circuit current heats the sodium metal, vaporizing it into a high-temperature, high-pressure plasma state, causing its resistance to increase sharply, thereby achieving current limiting. At this point, the high pressure generated by the vaporized fusible element pushes the piston to the right, compressing the argon gas. After the circuit breaker interrupts the short-circuit current limited by the self-resetting fuse, the temperature of the sodium vapor drops, and the pressure decreases accordingly. The previously compressed argon gas condenses back into liquid and solid states, and its resistance value returns to the original value, allowing for reuse. Regarding the wiring of self-resetting fuses, they are often used in series with circuit breakers. An additional resistor is connected in parallel with the fuse itself to suppress overvoltage occurring during interruption. During normal operation, the self-resetting fuse is in a low-resistance state, and only a small current flows through the parallel resistor. When a line fault occurs, the self-resetting fuse enters a high-resistance state. The parallel resistor absorbs the resulting overvoltage and maintains the operating current required for the circuit breaker trip unit, ensuring reliable breaking by the circuit breaker. Therefore, the current interrupted by the circuit breaker is effectively the current-limited value provided by the self-resetting fuse.

VIASOUND electrical component applications

Basic circuits of analog integrated circuits include current sources, single-stage amplifiers, filters, feedback circuits, current mirror circuits, etc. Higher-level basic circuits composed of these include operational amplifiers and comparators. Even higher-level circuits include switched-capacitor circuits, phase-locked loops, and ADC/DAC. Based on the response relationship between output and input signals, analog integrated circuits can be divided into two major categories: linear integrated circuits and non-linear integrated circuits. The response between output and input signals in the former is typically linear; the output signal shape is similar to the input signal, merely amplified by a fixed coefficient. In contrast, the response of output signals to input signals in non-linear integrated circuits exhibits a non-linear relationship, such as square or logarithmic relationships, hence they are called non-linear circuits. Common non-linear circuits include oscillators, timers, and phase-locked loop circuits. Typical applications of analog integrated circuits are shown in the figure below. External natural signals collected by various sensors or antennas (temperature, humidity, optical, piezoelectric, acoustic, etc.) are pre-processed by analog circuits and converted into suitable digital signals for input into digital systems. Signals processed by the digital system are then post-processed by analog circuits and converted into analog outputs such as sound, images, and radio waves.

Weidou Intelligent Technology specializes in selling German VIASOUND connectors, VIASOUND switches, VIASOUND relays, VIASOUND controllers, VIASOUND plugs, VIASOUND sensors, VIASOUND resistors, VIASOUND capacitors, VIASOUND buses, VIASOUND modules, VIASOUND cables, VIASOUND power supplies, VIASOUND interfaces, VIASOUND gateways, and VIASOUND circuit breakers. VIASOUND products are original imports from Germany. Customers are welcome to inquire and place orders.