Vishay Aztronic electrical components German Vishay Aztronic models Vishay Aztronic prices

Vishay Aztronic electrical components are electronic devices with conductivity between that of good conductors and insulators, utilizing the special electrical properties of semiconductor materials to perform specific functions. They can be used to generate, control, receive, transform, and amplify signals, as well as perform energy conversion. The semiconductor materials for semiconductor devices are silicon, germanium, or gallium arsenide, and they can be used as rectifiers, oscillators, light emitters, amplifiers, photodetectors, and other equipment. To distinguish them from integrated circuits, they are sometimes referred to as discrete devices. The basic structure of most two-terminal devices (i.e., crystal diodes) is a PN junction. Semiconductor devices typically utilize different semiconductor materials, processes, and geometric structures, resulting in a wide variety of crystal diodes with diverse functions and applications. The frequency coverage of crystal diodes ranges from low frequency, high frequency, microwave, millimeter wave, infrared, up to light waves. Three-terminal devices are generally active devices, with typical representatives being various transistors (also known as bipolar junction transistors). Transistors can be divided into bipolar transistors and field-effect transistors. Depending on the application, transistors can be classified into power transistors, microwave transistors, and low-noise transistors. In addition to general-purpose transistors used for amplification, oscillation, and switching, there are transistors for special purposes, such as phototransistors, magnetosensitive transistors, and field-effect sensors. These devices can convert information about environmental factors into electrical signals and also provide amplification like general transistors to obtain larger output signals. Furthermore, there are some special devices, such as unijunction transistors that can be used to generate sawtooth waves, thyristors that can be used for various high-current control circuits, and charge-coupled devices that can be used as imaging devices or information storage devices. In military equipment such as communication and radar systems, weak signals are mainly received by high-sensitivity, low-noise semiconductor receiving devices. With the rapid development of microwave communication technology, low-noise microwave semiconductor devices have developed rapidly, with increasing operating frequencies and decreasing noise figures. Due to their excellent performance, small size, light weight, and low power consumption, microwave semiconductor devices have been widely used in air defense and anti-missile systems, electronic warfare systems, and other applications.

Vishay Aztronic electrical component classification

Printed circuit boards are broadly classified into single-sided boards, double-sided boards, and multilayer boards based on the number of layers. First, single-sided boards: on the most basic PCB, components are concentrated on one side, while conductive traces are concentrated on the other side. Because traces appear only on one side, this type of PCB is called a single-sided printed circuit board. Single-sided boards are usually simple to manufacture and low in cost, but their disadvantage is that they cannot be applied to overly complex products. Double-sided boards are an extension of single-sided boards; when single-layer routing cannot meet the needs of electronic products, double-sided boards are used. Both sides have copper cladding and traces, and vias can be used to connect circuits between the two layers, forming the required network connections. Multilayer boards refer to printed circuit boards formed by laminating more than three conductive graphic layers with insulating materials in between, with the conductive graphics interconnected as required. Multilayer printed circuit boards are the product of the development of electronic information technology towards high speed, multi-functionality, large capacity, small volume, thin profile, and lightweight. Based on characteristics, printed circuit boards are classified into flexible boards (FPC), rigid boards (PCB), and rigid-flex boards (FPCB).

Vishay Aztronic electrical component principles

A fuel cell is an energy conversion device that converts the chemical energy stored in fuel and oxidant directly into electrical energy isothermally according to electrochemical principles, i.e., the working principle of a primary battery, so the actual process is an oxidation-reduction reaction. A fuel cell mainly consists of four parts: the anode, cathode, electrolyte, and external circuit. Fuel gas and oxidizing gas are introduced into the anode and cathode of the fuel cell, respectively. The fuel gas releases electrons at the anode, which are conducted through the external circuit to the cathode, where they combine with the oxidizing gas to form ions. Under the action of the electric field, the ions migrate through the electrolyte to the anode, react with the fuel gas, complete the circuit, and generate current. At the same time, due to the electrochemical reaction itself and the internal resistance of the battery, the fuel cell also generates a certain amount of heat. In addition to conducting electrons, the cathode and anode also serve as catalysts for the oxidation-reduction reaction. When the fuel is a hydrocarbon, the anode requires higher catalytic activity. The cathode and anode are usually porous structures to facilitate the introduction of reactant gases and the discharge of products. The electrolyte serves to transport ions and separate the fuel gas from the oxidizing gas. To prevent the mixing of the two gases, which would cause a short circuit within the battery, the electrolyte is usually a dense structure. The composition of a fuel cell is the same as that of a general battery. Its single cell consists of two electrodes (the negative electrode, i.e., the fuel electrode, and the positive electrode, i.e., the oxidant electrode) and an electrolyte. The difference is that the active substances of a general battery are stored inside the battery, thus limiting the battery capacity. In contrast, the positive and negative electrodes of a fuel cell do not contain active substances themselves but are merely catalytic conversion elements. Therefore, a fuel cell is truly an energy conversion machine that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. When the battery is operating, fuel and oxidant are supplied externally to react. In principle, as long as reactants are continuously input and reaction products are continuously removed, the fuel cell can generate electricity continuously.

Vishay Aztronic electrical component classification

Fuses can be classified into high-voltage fuses and low-voltage fuses based on the operating voltage. Based on the protected object, they can be classified into fuses for protecting transformers and general electrical equipment, fuses for protecting voltage transformers, fuses for protecting power capacitors, fuses for protecting semiconductor components, fuses for protecting motors, and fuses for protecting household appliances, etc. Based on structure, they can be classified into open-type, semi-enclosed, tube-type, and expulsion-type fuses. Open-type fuses have a simple structure, with the fusible element completely exposed to the air, supported by porcelain pillars without bases, suitable for low-voltage outdoor use. When interrupting current, they produce significant sound and light in the atmosphere. Semi-enclosed fuses have the fusible element mounted on a porcelain frame, inserted into a porcelain box with metal sockets at both ends, suitable for low-voltage indoor use. The sound and light produced during current interruption are blocked by the porcelain box. In tube-type fuses, the fusible element is installed inside the fuse body. It is then inserted into a base or directly connected into the circuit for use. The fuse element is a fully sealed insulating tube with metal caps or contact blades at both ends. If the insulating tube of this type of fuse is filled with quartz sand, it has a current-limiting effect when interrupting current, greatly improving the breaking capacity, hence it is also called a high-breaking-capacity fuse. If the tube is evacuated, it is called a vacuum fuse. If the tube is filled with SF6 gas, it is called a SF6 fuse, the purpose of which is to improve arc extinguishing performance. Since quartz sand, vacuum, and SF7 gas all have good insulation properties, this type of fuse is suitable for both low voltage and high voltage. Expulsion-type fuses have the fusible element installed in an insulating tube made of solid gas-generating material. The solid gas-generating material can be electrical-grade anti-white cardboard or organic glass material, etc. When a short-circuit current passes through the fusible element, the element melts immediately, generating an arc. The high-temperature arc causes the solid gas-generating material to decompose rapidly, producing a large amount of high-pressure gas, which ejects the ionized gas and arc from both ends of the tube, emitting intense sound and light, and extinguishing the arc when the AC current crosses zero, thereby interrupting the current. The insulating tube is usually mounted on an insulating support to form the complete fuse assembly. Sometimes the upper end of the insulating tube is designed to be movable, detaching and dropping down immediately after current interruption. This type of expulsion fuse is commonly known as a drop-out fuse.

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