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Vishay Dale Thin Film electrical components are electrical control devices. When the change in the input quantity (excitation) meets specified requirements, they cause a predetermined step change in the controlled quantity within the electrical output circuit. They facilitate interaction between the control system (also known as the input loop) and the controlled system (also known as the output loop). Typically applied in automated control circuits, they function as "automatic switches" that use small currents to control the operation of large currents. Therefore, they serve functions such as automatic regulation, safety protection, and circuit switching. A relay is an electrical control device that, upon receiving a specified input maintained for a sufficient duration, causes a predetermined step change in the controlled quantity within the electrical output circuit. When the input quantity drops to a certain level and remains there for a sufficient duration, the device returns to its initial state.

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In information technology, digital integrated circuits play a central role, processing information carried by digital signals, which take discrete values in terms of time and magnitude. However, signals in nature vary continuously in time and magnitude, such as wind noise and water flow; these are called analog signals. Correspondingly, circuits that process analog signals are called analog circuits, and integrated circuits used to process analog signals are called analog integrated circuits. Clearly, digital circuits cannot directly interface with the natural world. For the convenience of processing or transmission, and to fully leverage the advantages of digital systems, analog signals are first converted into digital signals, input into modern digital systems characterized by large capacity, high speed, strong anti-interference capability, and good confidentiality for processing, and then reconverted into analog signals for output. Transistors are the core components of integrated circuits, and analog integrated circuits are no exception; however, they utilize the amplification effect of transistors, whereas digital integrated circuits utilize the switching effect of transistors. Early analog integrated circuits mostly used bipolar junction transistors. Due to the maturity of CMOS technology, the disadvantage of slow speed in early CMOS circuits has been overcome, offering advantages such as low power consumption and convenient process upgrades (CMOS scaling). Today, analog integrated circuits and mixed-signal integrated circuits (integrating digital and analog circuits) are also commonly designed and implemented using CMOS.

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The main purposes of disconnect switches (knife switches) are: 1, to isolate the power supply, disconnecting high-voltage maintenance equipment from live equipment to provide a clearly visible break point. 2, to coordinate with circuit breakers for switching operations as required by system operating modes, thereby changing the system wiring configuration. 3, to connect or disconnect low-current circuits. Disconnect switches can perform the following operations: connecting or disconnecting bypass currents of closed-loop switches; connecting or disconnecting grounding wires at transformer neutral points (however, if an arc-suppression coil is connected to the neutral point, operation is permitted only when the system is fault-free); connecting or disconnecting voltage transformers and lightning arresters; connecting or disconnecting capacitive currents of busbars and equipment directly connected to busbars; connecting or disconnecting no-load lines with capacitive currents not exceeding 5 amperes; three-gang disconnect switches can connect or disconnect loads with voltages of 10 kilovolts and below and currents below 17 amperes. When operating disconnect switches, note that during power restoration, close the busbar-side disconnect switch first, then the line-side disconnect switch, and finally the circuit breaker. During power outage, open the circuit breaker first, then open the disconnect switches. Do not operate high-voltage disconnect switches under load.

Vishay Dale Thin Film electrical component principles

When two different conductors or semiconductors A and B form a loop with their ends interconnected, if the temperatures at the two junctions differ, with one end at temperature T (called the working end or hot end) and the other end at temperature T0 (called the free end or cold end), an electromotive force (EMF) is generated in the loop. The direction and magnitude of this EMF depend on the materials of the conductors and the temperatures of the two junctions. This phenomenon is called the "thermoelectric effect," the loop formed by the two conductors is called a "thermocouple," the two conductors are called "thermoelectrodes," and the generated EMF is called "thermoelectric EMF." Thermoelectric EMF consists of two components: the contact EMF between the two conductors and the thermal gradient EMF within a single conductor. The magnitude of the thermoelectric EMF in a thermocouple loop depends only on the conductor materials forming the thermocouple and the temperatures of the two junctions, and is independent of the shape and dimensions of the thermocouple. Once the electrode materials of the thermocouple are fixed, the thermoelectric EMF is a function of the difference between the junction temperatures t and t0. This relationship is widely applied in practical temperature measurement. Since the cold end t0 is constant, the thermoelectric EMF generated by the thermocouple varies only with the temperature of the hot end (measurement end), meaning a specific thermoelectric EMF corresponds to a specific temperature. Thus, temperature measurement can be achieved by measuring the thermoelectric EMF. The basic principle of thermocouple temperature measurement is that a closed loop formed by two conductors of different compositions generates a current when a temperature gradient exists between the ends, resulting in an EMF—thermoelectric EMF—between the ends, known as the Seebeck effect. Two homogeneous conductors of different compositions serve as thermoelectrodes; the end with the higher temperature is the working end, and the end with the lower temperature is the free end, which is usually maintained at a constant temperature. Based on the functional relationship between thermoelectric EMF and temperature, thermocouple reference tables are created; these tables are derived under the condition that the free end temperature is 2 °C, and different thermocouples have different reference tables. When a third metal material is introduced into the thermocouple loop, as long as the temperatures at the two junctions of this material are identical, the thermoelectric potential generated by the thermocouple remains unchanged, i.e., it is unaffected by the introduction of the third metal. Therefore, during thermocouple temperature measurement, measuring instruments can be connected; once the thermoelectric EMF is measured, the temperature of the measured medium can be determined. Thermocouple temperature measurement requires the temperature of the cold end (the measurement end is the hot end; the end connected to the measurement circuit via lead wires is called the cold end) to remain constant so that the thermoelectric potential maintains a proportional relationship with the measured temperature. If the (ambient) temperature of the cold end changes during measurement, it will severely affect measurement accuracy. Taking measures at the cold end to compensate for the effects of cold end temperature changes is called thermocouple cold junction compensation. Dedicated compensation cables are used to connect to measuring instruments. Thermocouple cold junction compensation calculation methods: (1) from millivolts to temperature: measure the cold end temperature, convert it to the corresponding millivolt value, add it to the thermocouple's millivolt value, and convert the sum to temperature; (2) from temperature to millivolts: measure the actual temperature and the cold end temperature, convert them separately to millivolt values, subtract to obtain the net millivolt value, which yields the temperature.

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