WALTHERWERKE electrical components Germany WALTHERWERKE model WALTHERWERKE price

WALTHERWERKE electrical components are commonly used temperature-sensing elements in temperature measurement instruments. They directly measure temperature and convert the temperature signal into a thermoelectric EMF signal, which is then converted into the temperature of the measured medium by an electrical instrument (secondary instrument). The external shapes of various thermocouples often differ significantly depending on requirements, but their basic structures are largely similar, typically consisting of main components such as hot electrodes, insulating protective tubes, and terminal boxes. They are usually used in conjunction with display instruments, recording instruments, and electronic regulators. In industrial production processes, temperature is one of the important parameters that need to be measured and controlled. In temperature measurement, thermocouples are widely applied due to many advantages such as simple structure, ease of manufacturing, wide measurement range, high accuracy, low inertia, and output signals suitable for long-distance transmission. Additionally, since thermocouples are passive sensors that do not require an external power supply during measurement, they are very convenient to use and are often employed to measure the temperature of gases or liquids inside furnaces and pipelines, as well as the surface temperature of solids.

WALTHERWERKE electrical component characteristics

Under normal circumstances, the actual static characteristic output of a sensor is a curve rather than a straight line. In practical work, to enable the instrument to have uniformly scaled readings, a fitted straight line is often used to approximately represent the actual characteristic curve. Linearity (non-linear error) is a performance indicator of this degree of approximation. There are various methods for selecting the fitted straight line. For example, the theoretical straight line connecting the zero-input and full-scale output points can be used as the fitted straight line; or the theoretical straight line that minimizes the sum of squared deviations from each point on the characteristic curve can be used as the fitted straight line, known as the least squares fitted straight line.

WALTHERWERKE electrical component principle

Optical measurement and control systems vary widely based on the different principles of how luminous flux acts on photoelectric elements. According to the nature of the output quantity of the photoelectric element (optical measurement and control system), they can be divided into two categories: analog photoelectric sensors and pulse (switching) photoelectric sensors. Analog photoelectric sensors convert the measured quantity into a continuously changing photocurrent, exhibiting a single-valued relationship with the measured quantity. Based on the method of measuring the target object, analog photoelectric sensors can be classified into three major types: transmissive (absorption), diffuse reflection, and obscuration (beam blocking). Transmissive type refers to placing the measured object in the optical path, where light energy emitted by a constant light source passes through the object, is partially absorbed, and the transmitted light projects onto the photoelectric element. Diffuse reflection type refers to light from a constant source projecting onto the measured object, reflecting off its surface, and then projecting onto the photoelectric element. Obscuration type refers to the situation where the measured object blocks part of the luminous flux from the light source, causing a change in the luminous flux projected onto the photoelectric element; the degree of change depends on the position of the object in the optical path. Photodiodes are the most common optical sensors. The appearance of a photodiode is similar to that of a standard diode. When there is no illumination, it behaves like a regular diode with a very small reverse current, known as the dark current of the photodiode. When illuminated, carriers are excited, generating electron-hole pairs, known as photo-carriers. Under the influence of an external electric field, these photo-carriers participate in conduction, forming a reverse current much larger than the dark current, known as photocurrent. The magnitude of the photocurrent is proportional to the light intensity, allowing an electrical signal varying with light intensity to be obtained across the load resistor.

WALTHERWERKE electrical component features

Features self-diagnostic stable operating zone indication, promptly informing whether the working status is reliable; through-beam, reflective, and mirror-reflective photoelectric switches all have mutual interference prevention functions, making installation convenient; settings at the control end allow pre-checking whether the photoelectric switch is functioning correctly before operation. It can also accept interrupt or detection commands from computers or programmable logic controllers at any time. An appropriate combination of external diagnosis and self-diagnosis enables intelligent operation of the photoelectric switch. Fast response speed allows detection of tiny objects moving at high speeds. Adoption of specialized integrated circuits and advanced surface mount technology ensures high reliability. Small size, light weight, simple installation and debugging, and short-circuit protection functionality.

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