Welotec electrical components Germany Welotec model Welotec price

Welotec electrical components are devices that change AC voltage using the principle of electromagnetic induction. The main components are the primary coil, secondary coil, and iron core (magnetic core). Main functions include: voltage transformation, current transformation, impedance transformation, isolation, and voltage stabilization (magnetic saturation transformer). Transformers can be classified by application into: distribution transformers, power transformers, fully sealed transformers, combined transformers, dry-type transformers, oil-immersed transformers, single-phase transformers, electric furnace transformers, rectifier transformers, reactors, anti-interference transformers, lightning protection transformers, box-type substations, test transformers, corner transformers, high-current transformers, excitation transformers, etc.

Welotec electrical component structure

The structure of a power cord is not very complex, but it cannot be simply understood at a glance. If you study the power cord carefully, some aspects require professional knowledge to understand its structure. The structure of a power cord mainly consists of an outer sheath, an inner sheath, and conductors. Common transmission conductors include copper and aluminum metal wires. (1) The outer sheath, also known as the protective sheath, is the outermost layer of the power cord. This outer sheath protects the power cord and has strong characteristics such as high temperature resistance, low temperature resistance, resistance to natural light interference, good flexibility, long service life, and environmentally friendly materials. (2) The inner sheath, also known as the insulating sheath, is an indispensable intermediate part of the power cord. As the name suggests, the main function of the insulating sheath is insulation, ensuring the electrical safety of the power cord, preventing any leakage between the copper wires and the air. The material of the insulating sheath must be soft to ensure it fits well in the middle layer. (3) Copper wire is the core part of the power cord. It is primarily the carrier of current and voltage. The density of the copper wire directly affects the quality of the power cord. The material of the power cord is also an important factor in quality control; the quantity and flexibility of the copper wire are also considerations. (4) The inner sheath is a layer of material wrapped between the shielding layer and the wire core, typically made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or polyethylene (PE) plastic. Low-smoke zero-halogen materials are also used. Used in accordance with process regulations, it prevents the insulation layer from coming into contact with water, air, or other objects, avoiding moisture absorption and mechanical damage to the insulation layer.

Welotec electrical component principle

When two different conductors or semiconductors A and B form a loop with their ends connected, as long as the temperatures at the two junctions are different, with one end at temperature T (called the working end or hot end) and the other end at temperature T0 (called the free end or cold end), an electromotive force (EMF) will be generated in the loop. The direction and magnitude of this EMF depend on the material of the conductors and the temperatures of the two junctions. This phenomenon is called the "thermoelectric effect," the loop formed by the two conductors is called a "thermocouple," the two conductors are called "thermoelectrodes," and the generated EMF is called "thermoelectric EMF." Thermoelectric EMF consists of two parts: the contact EMF of the two conductors and the temperature difference EMF of a single conductor. The magnitude of the thermoelectric EMF in a thermocouple loop depends only on the conductor materials forming the thermocouple and the temperatures of the two junctions, and is independent of the shape and size of the thermocouple. When the materials of the two thermocouple electrodes are fixed, the thermoelectric EMF is the functional difference between the temperatures t and t0 of the two junctions. This relationship is widely applied in practical temperature measurement. Since the cold end t0 is constant, the thermoelectric EMF generated by the thermocouple changes only with the temperature of the hot end (measurement end), meaning a specific thermoelectric EMF corresponds to a specific temperature. We can achieve temperature measurement by measuring the thermoelectric EMF. The basic principle of thermocouple temperature measurement is that two conductors of different compositions form a closed loop. When there is a temperature gradient at the two ends, current flows through the loop, creating an EMF between the two ends—the thermoelectric EMF. This is the so-called Seebeck effect. Two homogeneous conductors of different compositions serve as thermoelectrodes; the end with the higher temperature is the working end, and the end with the lower temperature is the free end, which is usually kept at a constant temperature. Based on the functional relationship between thermoelectric EMF and temperature, thermocouple reference tables are created; these tables are obtained under the condition that the free end temperature is 10 °C. Different thermocouples have different reference tables. When a third metal material is introduced into the thermocouple loop, as long as the temperatures at the two junctions of this material are the same, the thermoelectric potential generated by the thermocouple remains unchanged, i.e., it is not affected by the introduction of the third metal. Therefore, during thermocouple temperature measurement, a measuring instrument can be connected to measure the thermoelectric EMF, thereby determining the temperature of the measured medium. Thermocouple temperature measurement requires the temperature of the cold end (the measurement end is the hot end, and the end connected to the measurement circuit via lead wires is called the cold end) to remain constant, so that the thermoelectric potential is proportional to the measured temperature. If the (ambient) temperature of the cold end changes during measurement, it will seriously affect the accuracy of the measurement. Taking measures at the cold end to compensate for the impact of temperature changes is called thermocouple cold junction compensation. Special compensation cables are used to connect to the measuring instrument. Thermocouple cold junction compensation calculation methods: (1) From millivolts to temperature: Measure the cold end temperature, convert it to the corresponding millivolt value, add it to the thermocouple's millivolt value, and convert to temperature; (2) From temperature to millivolts: Measure the actual temperature and the cold end temperature, convert them separately to millivolt values, subtract to obtain the millivolt value, and thus determine the temperature.

Welotec electrical component principle

P-type semiconductor is formed by doping a small amount of trivalent element impurities, such as boron, into an intrinsic semiconductor (a completely pure, structurally intact semiconductor crystal). Since a boron atom has only three valence electrons, it forms covalent bonds with surrounding silicon atoms. Due to the lack of one electron, a vacancy is created in the crystal. When electrons on adjacent covalent bonds gain energy, they may fill this vacancy, turning the boron atom into an immobile negative ion, while the original silicon atom's covalent bond, lacking one electron, forms a hole. However, the entire semiconductor remains neutral. In this P-type semiconductor, conduction is primarily by holes, which are the majority carriers, while free electrons are the minority carriers. The principle of N-type semiconductor formation is similar to that of P-type. Pentavalent atoms, such as phosphorus, are doped into the intrinsic semiconductor. After doping, they form covalent bonds with silicon atoms, producing free electrons. In N-type semiconductors, electrons are the majority carriers, and holes are the minority carriers. Therefore, doping trivalent and pentavalent impurity elements into two different regions of an intrinsic semiconductor forms P-type and N-type regions. Based on the characteristics of N-type and P-type semiconductors, a concentration difference of electrons and holes appears at their junction. Electrons and holes diffuse from high-concentration regions to low-concentration regions, disrupting the electrical neutrality at the original junction. PN junction unidirectional conductivity: When a forward voltage V is applied to the PN junction, the equilibrium state of the PN junction is broken under the influence of this external electric field. Holes in the P region and electrons in the N region move towards the PN junction. Holes neutralize the negative ions in the P region of the PN junction, and electrons neutralize the positive ions in the N region of the PN junction, narrowing the PN junction. As the external electric field increases, diffusion motion strengthens further, while drift motion weakens. When the external voltage exceeds the threshold voltage, the PN junction acts as a resistor with very low resistance, meaning the PN junction is conducting.

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