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wika wiegand electrical components are detection devices that can sense measured information and convert the sensed information into electrical signals or other required forms of output according to specific rules, to meet the requirements for information transmission, processing, storage, display, recording, and control. The existence and development of sensors have given objects senses such as touch, taste, and smell, making objects come alive; sensors are an extension of human senses. Sensors feature miniaturization, digitization, intelligence, multifunctionality, systematization, and networking. They are the primary link in achieving automatic detection and automatic control. A device or apparatus that can sense a specified measured quantity and convert it into a usable signal according to a certain rule (mathematical function law), usually composed of a sensitive element and a conversion element.

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When the distance between the observer or system and the wave source changes, the frequency of the approaching waves shifts. This phenomenon is called the Doppler effect. Sonar and radar are made based on the principle of this effect. The Doppler effect can be used to make ultrasonic proximity switches, microwave proximity switches, etc. When an object approaches, the reflected signal received by the proximity switch produces a Doppler frequency shift, thereby identifying whether an object is approaching. Proximity switches are widely used in aviation, aerospace technology, and industrial production. In daily life, they are used in automatic doors in hotels, restaurants, and garages, as well as in automatic hot air blowers. For security and anti-theft purposes, important places such as archives, accounting departments, financial institutions, museums, and vaults are usually equipped with anti-theft devices composed of various proximity switches. In measurement technology, such as length and position measurement; in control technology, such as displacement, speed, and acceleration measurement and control, a large number of proximity switches are also used.

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A resistor consists of three parts: the resistive element, the backbone, and the leads (for solid-core resistors, the resistive element and backbone are combined into one), and only the resistive element determines the resistance value. The volt-ampere characteristic is represented by a graphical curve showing the relationship between voltage and current at the resistor terminals. When voltage and current are proportional (the characteristic is a straight line), it is called a linear resistor; otherwise, it is called a non-linear resistor. The maximum power dissipation allowed for a resistor to operate continuously at the rated temperature (maximum ambient temperature) tR. For each type of resistor, a maximum operating voltage is also specified. That is, when the resistance value is high, the maximum operating voltage must not be exceeded even if the rated power is not reached. The rated power of a resistor refers to the maximum power allowed to be consumed during long-term continuous operation in DC or AC circuits. Load characteristics: When the ambient working temperature is lower than tR, the resistor must not exceed its rated power. When it exceeds tR, the load power must be reduced. Each type of resistor has specified load characteristics. In addition, the allowable load is correspondingly reduced under low pressure. Under pulse load, the average pulse power is far lower than the rated power, and there are generally separate specifications.

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The basic working principle of fiber optic sensors is to guide light from a light source through an optical fiber into a modulator. After the parameter to be measured interacts with the light entering the modulation region, the optical properties of the light (such as intensity, wavelength, frequency, phase, polarization state, etc.) change, resulting in modulated signal light. The measurement is then completed by utilizing the influence of the measured quantity on the light transmission characteristics. There are two types of measurement principles for fiber optic sensors: (1) Physical property-type fiber optic sensor principle. Physical property-type fiber optic sensors utilize the sensitivity of optical fibers to environmental changes to convert input physical quantities into modulated optical signals. Their working principle is based on the optical modulation effect of optical fibers, i.e., the phenomenon where light transmission characteristics, such as phase and light intensity, change when external environmental factors such as temperature, pressure, electric fields, and magnetic fields change. Therefore, if the changes in light phase and intensity passing through the optical fiber can be measured, the changes in the measured physical quantity can be determined. This type of sensor is also known as a sensitive element-type or functional fiber optic sensor. The point source beam of a laser is diffused into parallel waves and split into two paths by a beam splitter: one reference path and one measurement path. External parameters (temperature, pressure, vibration, etc.) cause changes in fiber length and optical phase, thereby producing different numbers of interference fringes. Counting their lateral movement allows measurement of temperature or pressure. (10) Structural-type fiber optic sensor principle. Structural-type fiber optic sensors are measurement systems composed of light detection elements (sensitive elements), optical fiber transmission circuits, and measurement circuits. Since the optical fiber serves only as a medium for light propagation, it is also called a light-transmitting or non-functional fiber optic sensor.

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