WISKA electrical components Germany WISKA model WISKA price

WISKA electrical components is a general term for all single components based on semiconductor materials, including diodes, transistors, field-effect transistors, and thyristors (the latter three are all three-terminal devices) made of various semiconductor materials. A transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used in amplifiers or electronically controlled switches. Transistors are the basic building blocks for the standard operation of computers, mobile phones, and all other modern electronic circuits. Due to their fast response speed and high accuracy, transistors can be used for a wide variety of digital and analog functions, including amplification, switching, voltage regulation, signal modulation, and oscillators. Transistors can be packaged individually or as part of an integrated circuit in a very small area that can accommodate one hundred million or more transistors.

WISKA electrical component features

The self-resetting fuse is characterized by a large breaking current capacity; it can interrupt alternating current and even larger currents. This type of fuse has a very significant current-limiting effect. When the instantaneous current reaches close to 174 kA, it can rapidly limit the current. The structure of a self-resetting fuse mainly consists of current terminals (also called electrodes), mica glass (filler), an insulating tube, a fusible element, a piston, argon gas, and a housing. The housing of the self-resetting fuse is generally made of stainless steel. The stainless steel sleeve is separated from the internal beryllium oxide ceramic insulating tube by mica glass, which serves as both a filler and an insulator. The self-resetting fuse operates based on the characteristic of sodium metal, whose resistance increases sharply at high temperatures. Under normal operating conditions, current flows from the left current terminal, through the sodium metal fusible element in the fine pores of the beryllium oxide ceramic insulating tube, to the right current terminal, forming a current path. When a short-circuit fault occurs, the short-circuit current heats the sodium metal, vaporizing it into a high-temperature, high-pressure plasma state, which causes its resistance to increase sharply, thereby achieving current limiting. At this point, the high pressure generated by the vaporization of the fusible element pushes the piston to the right, compressing the argon gas. After the circuit breaker interrupts the short-circuit current limited by the self-resetting fuse, the temperature of the sodium vapor drops, and the pressure decreases accordingly. The previously compressed argon gas condenses back into liquid and solid states, and its resistance value drops back to the original value, making it ready for reuse. Regarding the wiring of the self-resetting fuse, it is often used in series with a circuit breaker. An additional resistor is connected in parallel with the fuse itself to suppress overvoltage that may occur during interruption. During normal operation, the self-resetting fuse is in a low-resistance state, and only a small current flows through the parallel resistor. When a fault occurs in the line, the self-resetting fuse enters a high-resistance state. The parallel resistor can absorb the overvoltage generated and maintain the operating current required for the circuit breaker trip unit, ensuring reliable interruption by the circuit breaker. Therefore, the current interrupted by the circuit breaker is actually the current-limited value provided by the self-resetting fuse.

WISKA electrical component classification

In different application scenarios, the purpose of using varistors and the voltage/current stresses applied to them vary, leading to different requirements for varistors. It is crucial to distinguish these differences for proper usage. Based on their intended use, varistors can be categorized into two main types: protective varistors and circuit-functional varistors.(1)Protective Varistors:1Distinguish between power supply protection and signal line or data line protection varistors, as they must meet different technical standards.2Depending on the continuous operating voltage applied to the varistor, those used across power lines can be classified into AC or DC types, with differing aging characteristics under these two voltage stress conditions.10Based on the abnormal overvoltage characteristics that varistors withstand, they can be divided into three types: surge suppression type, high-power type, and high-energy type.(2)Surge Suppression Type: Refers to varistors used to suppress transient overvoltages such as lightning-induced overvoltages and switching overvoltages. These transient overvoltages occur randomly and non-periodically, with potentially very high peak currents and voltages. The majority of varistors fall into this category.(3)High-Power Type: Refers to varistors used to absorb periodic pulse groups, such as those connected in parallel with switch-mode power converters. Here, the impulse voltage occurs periodically with a known cycle, and the energy value can generally be calculated. Although the peak voltage is not particularly high, the average power is considerable due to the high frequency of occurrence.(4)High-Energy Type: Refers to varistors used to absorb magnetic energy from large inductive coils, such as generator excitation coils and lifting electromagnet coils. For these applications, the primary technical specification is energy absorption capability. In most cases, the protective function of varistors can be repeatedly activated; however, sometimes they are designed as one-time protective devices similar to current fuses. An example includes varistors with short-circuit contacts connected in parallel to certain current transformer loads.

WISKA electrical component principle

The basic working principle of fiber optic sensors is to guide light from a light source through an optical fiber into a modulator. The interaction between the parameter to be measured and the light entering the modulation zone causes changes in the optical properties of the light (such as intensity, wavelength, frequency, phase, polarization state, etc.), resulting in modulated signal light. Measurement is then completed by utilizing the influence of the measured quantity on the transmission characteristics of the light. There are two types of measurement principles for fiber optic sensors: (1) Principle of intrinsic fiber optic sensors: Intrinsic fiber optic sensors utilize the sensitivity of optical fibers to environmental changes to convert input physical quantities into modulated optical signals. Their working principle is based on the optical modulation effect of optical fibers, meaning that when external environmental factors such as temperature, pressure, electric fields, or magnetic fields change, the light transmission characteristics of the fiber, such as phase and light intensity, will change. Therefore, by measuring the changes in light phase and intensity passing through the fiber, changes in the measured physical quantity can be determined. These sensors are also known as sensitive element type or functional fiber optic sensors. The point source beam of a laser is diffused into parallel waves and split into two paths by a beam splitter: one reference path and one measurement path. External parameters (temperature, pressure, vibration, etc.) cause changes in fiber length and optical phase, generating different numbers of interference fringes. Counting the lateral movement of these fringes allows for the measurement of temperature or pressure. (5) Principle of extrinsic fiber optic sensors: Extrinsic fiber optic sensors are measurement systems composed of photodetection elements (sensitive elements), optical fiber transmission loops, and measurement circuits. In this case, the optical fiber serves only as a medium for light propagation, so they are also referred to as non-functional or light-transmitting fiber optic sensors.

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