xMERSEN electrical components German xMERSEN models xMERSEN prices

xMERSEN electrical components are commonly used temperature-sensing elements in temperature measurement instruments. They directly measure temperature and convert the temperature signal into a thermoelectric EMF signal, which is then converted into the temperature of the measured medium by an electrical instrument (secondary instrument). The external shapes of various thermocouples often differ significantly depending on requirements, but their basic structures are largely similar, typically consisting of main parts such as hot electrodes, insulating protective tubes, and terminal blocks. They are usually used in conjunction with display instruments, recording instruments, and electronic regulators. In industrial production processes, temperature is one of the important parameters that need to be measured and controlled. In temperature measurement, thermocouples are widely applied due to many advantages such as simple structure, ease of manufacturing, wide measurement range, high accuracy, low inertia, and output signals suitable for long-distance transmission. Additionally, since thermocouples are passive sensors that do not require an external power supply during measurement, they are very convenient to use and are often employed to measure the temperature of gases or liquids inside furnaces and pipelines, as well as the surface temperature of solids.

xMERSEN electrical component functions

To obtain information from the external environment, people must rely on their sensory organs. However, relying solely on human sensory organs is far insufficient for studying natural phenomena and laws, as well as for production activities. To adapt to this situation, sensors are required. Therefore, it can be said that sensors are an extension of human senses, also known as electric senses. With the advent of the new technological revolution, the world has entered the information age. In the process of utilizing information, the primary issue to address is obtaining accurate and reliable information, and sensors are the main approach and means for acquiring information in the natural and production domains. In modern industrial production, especially in automated production processes, various sensors are used to monitor and control various parameters in the production process, ensuring that equipment operates in a normal or optimal state and that products achieve the best quality. Therefore, it can be said that without numerous high-quality sensors, modern production would lose its foundation. In basic discipline research, sensors hold an even more prominent position. The development of modern science and technology has entered many new fields: for example, observing the vast universe thousands of light-years away on a macro scale, observing the particle world as small as fm on a micro scale, observing celestial evolution spanning hundreds of thousands of years vertically, and instantaneous reactions as short as s. In addition, various extreme technology studies have emerged, playing an important role in deepening the understanding of matter, exploring new energy sources, and developing new materials, such as ultra-high temperature, ultra-low temperature, ultra-high pressure, ultra-high vacuum, ultra-strong magnetic fields, and ultra-weak magnetic fields. Obviously, it is impossible to obtain a large amount of information that human senses cannot directly acquire without appropriate sensors. Many obstacles in basic scientific research lie first in the difficulty of obtaining object information, and the emergence of new mechanisms and high-sensitivity detection sensors often leads to breakthroughs in these fields. The development of some sensors is often the pioneer of interdisciplinary development. Sensors have already penetrated into extremely broad fields such as industrial production, space exploration, ocean detection, environmental protection, resource survey, medical diagnosis, bioengineering, and even cultural relic preservation. It is no exaggeration to say that from outer space to the vast oceans, and even various complex engineering systems, almost every modern project relies on various types of sensors.

xMERSEN electrical component parameters

1. Nominal varistor voltage: refers to the voltage value across the varistor when a pulse current of specified duration passes through it. 2. Voltage ratio: refers to the ratio of the voltage value generated by the current of the varistor to the voltage value generated by the current of the varistor. 3. Maximum limiting voltage: the peak voltage across the varistor under the maximum pulse peak current Ip that the varistor can withstand and under the specified waveform. 4. Residual voltage ratio: when the current passing through the varistor is at a certain value, the voltage generated across it is called the residual voltage for that current value. The residual voltage ratio is the ratio of the residual voltage to the nominal voltage. 5. Flow capacity: flow capacity, also known as flow rate, refers to the maximum pulse current value allowed to pass through the varistor under specified conditions. 6. Leakage current: leakage current, also known as standby current, refers to the current flowing through the varistor when the varistor is at a specified temperature and maximum DC voltage. 7. Voltage temperature coefficient: refers to the rate of change of the nominal voltage of the varistor within a specified temperature range, i.e., the relative change in voltage across the varistor when the temperature changes while the current passing through the varistor remains constant. 8. Current temperature coefficient: refers to the relative change in the current flowing through the varistor when the temperature changes while the voltage across the varistor remains constant. 9. Voltage nonlinearity coefficient: refers to the ratio of the static resistance value to the dynamic resistance value of the varistor under a given applied voltage. 10. Insulation resistance: refers to the resistance value between the lead wires of the varistor and the insulated surface of the resistor body. 11. Static capacitance: refers to the inherent capacitance of the varistor itself. 12. Rated power: the maximum power that causes a change in varistor voltage when operating at a specific ambient temperature. 21. Maximum surge current: the maximum surge current that causes a change in varistor voltage when the varistor is impacted by a specific pulse current once or twice.

xMERSEN electrical component principles

A photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts optical signals into electrical signals. Its core part is also a PN junction. Compared with ordinary diodes, the structural difference is that to facilitate the reception of incident light, the PN junction area is made as large as possible, the electrode area is made as small as possible, and the junction depth of the PN junction is very shallow, generally less than 7 micrometers. Photodiodes operate under reverse voltage. When there is no light, the reverse current is very small, known as dark current. When there is light, photons carrying energy enter the PN junction and transfer energy to the bound electrons on the covalent bonds, causing some electrons to break free from the covalent bonds, thereby generating electron-hole pairs, known as photo-generated carriers. Under the action of reverse voltage, they participate in drift motion, causing the reverse current to increase significantly. The greater the light intensity, the greater the reverse current. This characteristic is called "photoconductivity." The current generated by a photodiode under general illumination is called photocurrent. If a load is connected to the external circuit, the load will receive an electrical signal, and this electrical signal will change correspondingly with the light. Photodiodes are widely used photosensitive devices in electronic circuits. Like ordinary diodes, photodiodes have a PN junction. The difference is that the housing of a photodiode has a transparent window to receive light irradiation, achieving photoelectric conversion. The text symbol in circuit diagrams is generally VD.

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