xSIEMENS electrical components Germany xSIEMENS model xSIEMENS price

xSIEMENS electrical components are energy conversion devices that convert sound signals into electrical signals. Categories include moving-coil, condenser, electret, and the recently emerging silicon microphones, as well as liquid microphones and laser microphones. Most microphones are electret condenser microphones, which operate using a polymer diaphragm with permanently isolated charge.

xSIEMENS electrical component principle

Optical measurement and control systems are diverse, developed based on different principles of how luminous flux acts on photoelectric elements. According to the nature of the output from the photoelectric element (optical measurement and control system), they can be divided into two categories: analog photoelectric sensors and pulse (switching) photoelectric sensors. Analog photoelectric sensors convert the measured quantity into a continuously changing photocurrent, exhibiting a single-valued relationship with the measured quantity. Based on the method of measuring the target object, analog photoelectric sensors can be classified into three major types: transmissive (absorptive), diffuse reflective, and beam-blocking (light beam obstruction). The so-called transmissive type refers to placing the measured object in the optical path; the light energy emitted by a constant light source passes through the measured object, and after partial absorption, the transmitted light is projected onto the photoelectric element. The so-called diffuse reflective type refers to light emitted by a constant light source being projected onto the measured object, then reflected from the surface of the measured object onto the photoelectric element. The so-called beam-blocking type refers to the scenario where the measured object blocks part of the luminous flux emitted by the light source, causing a change in the luminous flux projected onto the photoelectric element; the degree of change depends on the position of the measured object in the optical path. Photodiodes are the most common optical sensors. The appearance of a photodiode is similar to that of a general diode. When there is no illumination, it behaves like an ordinary diode with a very small reverse current, known as the dark current of the photodiode. When illuminated, carriers are excited, generating electron-hole pairs, referred to as photo-generated carriers. Under the influence of an external electric field, these photo-generated carriers participate in conduction, forming a reverse current much larger than the dark current; this reverse current is called photocurrent. The magnitude of the photocurrent is proportional to the light intensity, allowing an electrical signal that varies with light intensity to be obtained across the load resistor.

xSIEMENS electrical component principle

Lasing principle of laser diodes: The P-N junction in a laser diode is formed by two doped gallium arsenide layers. It has a parallel-end structure, parallel to one end mirror (highly reflective surface) and one partially reflective surface. The wavelength of the emitted light is directly related to the length of the junction. When the P-N junction is forward-biased by an external voltage source, electrons move through the junction and recombine as in a ordinary diode. When electrons recombine with holes, photons are released. These photons strike atoms, causing more photons to be released. As the forward bias current increases, more electrons enter the depletion region, leading to the emission of more photons. Eventually, some photons drifting randomly within the depletion region strike the reflective surfaces perpendicularly, reflecting back along their original paths. The reflected photons are again reflected from the other end of the junction. This movement of photons from one end to the other occurs continuously multiple times. During the photon movement, due to the avalanche effect, more atoms release more photons. This process of reflection and generation of increasing numbers of photons produces a very intense laser beam. Each photon generated in the emission process described above is identical to other photons in energy level, phase relationship, and frequency. Therefore, the emission process yields a laser beam of a single wavelength. To generate a laser beam, the current of the laser diode must exceed a certain threshold level. Current below the threshold level forces the diode to behave as an LED, emitting incoherent light.

xSIEMENS electrical component function

Low-power resistors are typically composed of carbon film encapsulated in a plastic housing, while high-power resistors are typically wire-wound resistors, made by winding metal wire with high resistivity around a ceramic core. If a resistor's resistance value approaches zero ohms (for example, a large-cross-section wire between two points), the resistor offers no obstruction to current, and the circuit paralleling such a resistor is short-circuited, resulting in infinite current. If a resistor has infinite or very high resistance, the circuit series-connected with this resistor can be regarded as an open circuit, with zero current. Resistors commonly used in industry fall between these two extremes; they have a certain resistance and allow a certain amount of current to pass, but the current is not as large as in a short circuit. The current-limiting function of a resistor is similar to the role of a small-diameter pipe connected between two large-diameter pipes in restricting water flow. Resistance, usually abbreviated as R, is a fundamental property of a conductor, related to the conductor's size, material, and temperature. Ohm's law states that I = U/R, so R = U/I. The basic unit of resistance is the ohm, represented by the Greek letter 'Ω'. It is defined as the resistance corresponding to a current of one ampere generated when one volt is applied across a conductor. The main function of a resistor is to impede the flow of current. In fact, 'resistance' refers to a property, while 'resistor' in electronic products usually refers to the component itself. Ohm is often abbreviated as 'ohm'. Common units for expressing resistance values also include kilo-ohm (kΩ), mega-ohm (MΩ), and milli-ohm (m Ω).

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