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zumtobel licht electrical components are constituent parts of electronic components and small electrical machines and instruments; they themselves often consist of several parts and can be used interchangeably within similar products. They often refer to certain parts in the electrical appliance, radio, and instrumentation industries. In practice, electronic components is the collective term for components and devices.

zumtobel licht electrical component classification

(1) The PN junction contact area of point-contact diodes is small, preventing them from passing large forward currents or withstanding high reverse voltages, but their high-frequency performance is good, making them suitable for use in high-frequency detection circuits and switching circuits. (2) The PN junction contact area of surface-contact diodes is large, allowing them to pass larger currents and withstand higher reverse voltages, making them suitable for use in rectifier circuits. (3) When planar diodes are used as switching transistors in pulse digital circuits, the PN junction area is small; when used for high-power rectification, the PN junction area is larger. (4) A Zener diode is a special type of surface-contact semiconductor silicon diode that serves to stabilize voltage. The main difference between a Zener diode and a standard diode is that the Zener diode operates in the reverse breakdown state of the PN junction. By implementing process measures during manufacturing and limiting the magnitude of the reverse current during use, it is ensured that the Zener diode will not be damaged by overheating while in the reverse breakdown state. Unlike standard diodes, the reverse breakdown of a Zener diode is reversible; as long as the current does not exceed the allowable value for the Zener diode, the PN junction will not suffer thermal damage. When the applied reverse voltage is removed, the Zener diode restores its original performance, so Zener diodes exhibit good repetitive breakdown characteristics. (5) A photodiode, also known as a photosensitive diode, has a glass window on its casing to facilitate light reception. Its characteristic is that when light irradiates its PN junction, electron-hole pairs are generated, increasing the concentration of minority carriers in the semiconductor. Under a certain reverse bias voltage, this causes the reverse current to increase. Therefore, its reverse current increases linearly with increasing light intensity. In the absence of light, the volt-ampere characteristics of a photodiode are the same as those of a standard diode. As a light-controlled component, photodiodes can be used for various object detection, photoelectric control, and automatic alarm applications. When manufactured as a large-area photodiode, it can serve as an energy source and is called a solar cell. In this case, it requires no external power supply and can directly convert light energy into electrical energy. (6) A light-emitting diode is a solid-state semiconductor display device that directly converts electrical energy into light energy, abbreviated as LED. Similar to standard diodes, a light-emitting diode is also formed by a PN structure. The PN junction of a light-emitting diode is encapsulated in a transparent plastic housing, with shapes including square, rectangular, and circular. Light-emitting diodes offer advantages such as low drive voltage, small operating current, strong resistance to vibration and shock, small size, high reliability, low power consumption, and long service life, and are widely used in signal indication circuits. In electronic technology, the principle of light-emitting diodes, commonly used in digital tubes, is opposite to that of photodiodes. When a light-emitting diode is forward-biased and current passes through it, it emits light; this is the result of energy release during the direct recombination of electrons and holes. Its spectral range is relatively narrow, and its wavelength is determined by the base material used.

zumtobel licht electrical component principles

In addition to the function of converting optical signals into electrical signals like a photodiode, a phototransistor also has the function of amplifying electrical signals. The appearance of a phototransistor is not significantly different from that of a standard transistor. Generally, a phototransistor only leads out two terminals—the emitter and the collector—while the base is not led out. The casing also has a window to allow light to enter. To increase light exposure, the base region area is made very large, while the emitter region is smaller; incident light is mainly absorbed by the base region. During operation, the collector junction is reverse-biased, and the emitter junction is forward-biased. In the absence of light, the current flowing through the transistor is the dark current Iceo = (1 + β) Icbo (very small), which is even smaller than the penetration current of a standard transistor; when illuminated, a large number of electron-hole pairs are excited, causing the current generated at the base Ib to increase. At this moment, the current flowing through the transistor is called the photocurrent, and the emitter current Ie = (10 + β) Ib. It can be seen that a phototransistor has higher sensitivity than a photodiode.

zumtobel licht electrical component applications

Photoelectric sensors using photoelectric components as sensitive elements are diverse and widely used. According to the nature of the output quantity of the photoelectric sensor, they can be divided into two categories: (1) Photoelectric measuring instruments that convert the measured quantity into a continuously changing photocurrent, which can be used to measure physical quantities such as light intensity, object temperature, light transmission capability, displacement, and surface condition. For example: lux meters for measuring light intensity, photoelectric pyrometers, photoelectric colorimeters and turbidimeters, photoelectric fire alarms, and automatic inspection devices and instruments for checking the diameter, length, ellipticity, and surface roughness of machined parts, all of which use photoelectric components as their sensitive elements. Semiconductor photoelectric components are not only widely used in civil industrial fields but also hold an important position in military applications. For example, lead sulfide photoresistors can be used to make infrared night vision devices, infrared cameras, and infrared navigation systems; (7) Converting the measured quantity into a continuously changing photocurrent. Various photoelectric automatic devices are made using the characteristic of photoelectric components to output "present" or "absent" electrical signals when exposed to light or no light. Photoelectric components are used as switching photoelectric conversion elements. For example, photoelectric input devices for electronic computers, switching temperature regulation devices, and digital photoelectric tachometers for speed measurement.

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