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The VOLLMER controller feeds back part or all of the control system's output to the input end via specific methods and devices, compares the feedback information with the original input information, and applies the comparison result to the system for control to prevent deviation from the predetermined target. Closed-loop control systems utilize negative feedback. This is an automatic control system composed of a signal forward path and a feedback path forming a closed loop, also known as a feedback control system. Closed-loop control systems have the following characteristics in control: since the feedback quantity of the output signal is compared with the input quantity to generate a deviation signal, the deviation signal is used to control or regulate the output quantity, so the system's output can automatically track the input quantity, reduce tracking error, improve control accuracy, and suppress the influence of disturbance signals. In addition, closed-loop control systems formed by negative feedback have other advantages: the introduction of the feedback path makes the system insensitive to changes in component parameters in the forward path, thereby lowering the precision requirements for components in the forward path; the feedback action can also make the entire system insensitive to certain nonlinear effects.

VOLLMER controller composition

(1) Reference element: provides the input quantity corresponding to the desired output. 2) Comparison element: calculates the deviation between the input quantity and the feedback quantity, often implemented using integrated operational amplifiers (abbreviated as integrated op-amps). 3) Amplification element: since the deviation signal is generally small and insufficient to drive the load, an amplification element is required, including voltage amplification and power amplification. 4) Actuating element: directly drives the controlled object to change the output quantity. Common examples include motors, control valves, and hydraulic motors. 5) Measurement element: detects the controlled variable and converts it into the required electrical signal. Commonly used in control systems are tachogenerators and optical encoders for speed detection; resolvers and synchros for position and angle detection; current transformers for current detection; and thermocouples for temperature detection. These detection devices generally convert the detected physical quantities into corresponding continuous or discrete voltage or current signals. 6) Correction element: also called a compensation element, it is an element whose structure and parameters are easy to adjust, connected in the system in series or via feedback to perform required arithmetic functions and improve system performance. Depending on its position in the system, it can be referred to as a series correction element or a feedback correction element.

VOLLMER controller applications

An automatic control system that includes power amplification and feedback, causing the output variable value to respond to the input variable value. After the CNC device issues command pulses, when the command value is sent to the position comparison circuit, if the worktable has not moved (i.e., there is no position feedback signal), the command value causes the servo drive motor to rotate, driving the machine tool worktable to move through transmission components such as gears and ball screw nut pairs. The position measurement element installed on the machine tool worktable measures the actual displacement of the worktable and feeds it back to the comparator of the CNC device for comparison with the command signal, using the resulting difference for control. If a difference exists, it is amplified by an amplifier and then controls the servo drive motor to rotate until the difference is zero, at which point the worktable stops moving. This system is called a closed-loop servo system.

VOLLMER controller advantages

In a feedback control system, regardless of the cause (external disturbances or internal system changes), as long as the controlled variable deviates from the specified value, a corresponding control action is generated to eliminate the deviation. Therefore, it has the ability to suppress interference, is insensitive to changes in component characteristics, and can improve the system's response characteristics. However, the introduction of a feedback loop increases system complexity, and improper gain selection can cause system instability. To improve control accuracy, when disturbance variables can be measured, disturbance-based control (i.e., feedforward control) is often used simultaneously as a supplement to feedback control to form a composite control system. Generally, open-loop control systems have a simpler structure and lower cost. The disadvantages of open-loop control systems are low control accuracy, poor interference suppression capability, and sensitivity to system parameter changes. They are generally used in occasions where external influences can be ignored or precision requirements are not high, such as washing machines, stepper motor control devices, and water level regulation systems. In closed-loop control systems, whether due to changes in the input signal, the influence of interference, or changes in internal system parameters, as long as the controlled variable deviates from the specified value, a corresponding action is generated to eliminate the deviation. Therefore, closed-loop control has strong interference suppression capabilities. Compared with open-loop control, the system is insensitive to parameter changes, allowing less precise components to be used to construct a more precise control system, achieving satisfactory dynamic characteristics and control accuracy. However, adopting feedback devices requires adding components, resulting in higher costs and increased system complexity. If the system's structural parameters are not selected appropriately, the control process may become very poor, even leading to unstable conditions such as oscillation or divergence. Therefore, how to analyze the system and reasonably select the system's structure and parameters to achieve satisfactory system performance is a problem that automatic control theory must study and solve.

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