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Hawe controller refers to a master command device that controls the starting, speed regulation, braking, and reversing of an electric motor by changing the wiring of the main circuit or control circuit and changing the resistance value in the circuit according to a predetermined sequence. It consists of a program counter, instruction register, instruction decoder, timing generator, and operation controller. It is the "decision-making mechanism" for issuing commands, i.e., it coordinates and directs the operation of the entire computer system. Controllers are divided into combinational logic controllers and microprogrammed controllers, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Combinational logic controllers are troublesome to design and have a complex structure; once the design is completed, they cannot be modified or expanded, but their speed is fast. Microprogrammed controllers are easy to design, have a simple structure, and are easy to modify or expand. To modify the function of a machine instruction, only the corresponding microprogram needs to be recompiled; to add a machine instruction, only a segment of microprogram needs to be added to the control memory. However, it operates by executing a segment of microprogram. The specific comparison is as follows: A combinational logic controller, also known as a hardwired controller, is composed of logic circuits and relies entirely on hardware to implement the functions of instructions.

Hawe controller introduction

A program consists of several program segments. The instructions of each program segment can be designed to be stored sequentially in memory. Therefore, as long as the instruction address register has a counting function, it can count during the execution of instructions and automatically add an increment to form the address of the next instruction, thereby achieving sequential execution of instructions. This method is suitable for computers using random-access memory as the main memory. When the operation of a program needs to switch from one program segment to another, a branch instruction can be used. The branch instruction contains the address of the entry instruction of the program segment to which the control is to be transferred. When executing the branch instruction, this address is sent to the program counter (which at this time serves only as an instruction address register and does not count) as the address of the next instruction, thereby achieving the purpose of transferring to the program segment. Subroutine calls, interrupt handling, and trap handling use similar methods. After the widespread adoption of random-access memory, the overall operational effectiveness of the second method was significantly superior to the first method. Consequently, sequential instruction execution has become the method universally adopted by mainstream computers, and the program counter has become an indispensable control component of the central processing unit.

Hawe controller structure

1) Instruction Register: Used to store the instruction currently being executed. An instruction is divided into two parts: the opcode and the address code. The opcode indicates the nature of the operation of the instruction, such as addition, subtraction, etc.; the address code provides the address of the operand for this instruction or relevant information for forming the operand address (the operand address is formed through an address formation circuit). There is a type of instruction called a branch instruction, which is used to change the normal execution sequence of instructions. The address code part of this instruction provides the address of the instruction to be executed next. 2) Opcode Decoder: Used to decode the opcode of the instruction to generate corresponding control levels and complete the function of analyzing the instruction. 3) Timing Circuit: Used to generate time marker signals. In microcomputers, time marker signals are generally three-level: instruction cycle, bus cycle, and clock cycle. The micro-operation command generation circuit generates various micro-operation commands required to complete the operations specified by the instruction. The main basis for generating these commands is the time markers and the operational nature of the instruction. This circuit is actually the circuit implementation of the expressions for various micro-operation control signals (such as the A→L expression above). It is the most complex part of the combinational logic controller. 4) Instruction Counter: Used to form the address of the next instruction to be executed. Usually, instructions are executed sequentially, and instructions are stored sequentially in memory. Therefore, under normal circumstances, the address of the next instruction to be executed can be formed by adding 1 to the current address. The micro-operation command "1" is used for this purpose. If a branch instruction is executed, the address of the next instruction to be executed is the address to which the control is to be transferred. This address is located in the address code field of the current branch instruction and is sent directly to the instruction counter. The proposal of the microprogrammed controller was due to the disadvantages of combinational logic design, such as being inconvenient to design, inflexible, and difficult to modify and expand.

Hawe controller installation

When installing the controller, avoid the following locations: (1) Ambient temperature exceeds the range of 0~50 degrees Celsius. (2) Relative humidity exceeds 85% or there is condensation of dew (caused by sudden temperature changes or other factors). (3) Direct sunlight exposure. (4) Corrosive and flammable gases, such as hydrogen chloride, hydrogen sulfide, etc. (5) Large amounts of iron chips and dust. (6) Frequent or continuous vibration, with a vibration frequency of 10~55 Hz and an amplitude of 0.5 mm (peak-to-peak). (7) Shock exceeding 10g (gravitational acceleration). To ensure reliable operation of the control system, programmable controllers are usually installed in control cabinets with protective enclosures to prevent dust, oil stains, and water splashes. To ensure that the temperature remains within the specified ambient temperature range, the installed equipment should have sufficient ventilation space, and there should be an interval of more than 30 mm between the basic unit and the expansion unit. If the surrounding environment exceeds 55 degrees Celsius, an electric fan should be installed for forced ventilation. To avoid electrical interference from other peripheral devices, the programmable controller should be kept as far away as possible from high-voltage power lines and high-voltage equipment. A distance of at least 200 mm should be maintained between the programmable controller and high-voltage equipment and power lines.

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