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The BOSCH controller feeds back part or all of the control system's output to the input end via specific methods and devices, compares the feedback information with the original input information, and applies the comparison result to the system for control to prevent deviation from the predetermined target. Closed-loop control systems utilize negative feedback. This is an automatic control system composed of a closed loop formed by the signal forward path and the feedback path, also known as a feedback control system. Closed-loop control systems have the following characteristics in control: a deviation signal is generated by comparing the feedback quantity of the output signal with the input quantity; this deviation signal is used to control or regulate the output quantity, allowing the system's output to automatically track the input quantity, reduce tracking error, improve control accuracy, and suppress the influence of disturbance signals. In addition, closed-loop control systems formed by negative feedback have other advantages: the introduction of the feedback path makes the system insensitive to changes in component parameters in the forward path, thereby lowering the precision requirements for components in the forward path; the feedback action can also make the entire system insensitive to certain nonlinear effects.

BOSCH controller principle

All electronic devices with microcontrollers operate on principles related to the specific device. However, the most basic principle is: 1) receiving information from the outside world through the input interface and storing it in memory. This information mainly includes two parts: information from sensors such as temperature and pressure sensors; and manual information from human intervention, such as operations of switch buttons. 2) The central processing unit in the microcontroller performs high-speed arithmetic processing on the input data according to the program. 3) The results of the arithmetic processing are sent through the output interface to control actuators, such as relays, motors, light bulbs, etc. This process repeats continuously, meaning the microcomputer in the system constantly monitors various information and makes different processing decisions in time to ensure normal system operation.

BOSCH controller applications

An automatic control system that includes power amplification and feedback, causing the value of the output variable to respond to the value of the input variable. After the CNC device issues command pulses, when the command value is sent to the position comparison circuit, if the worktable has not moved (i.e., there is no position feedback signal), the command value causes the servo drive motor to rotate, driving the machine tool worktable to move through transmission elements such as gears and ball screw nut pairs. The position measuring element installed on the machine tool worktable measures the actual displacement of the worktable and feeds it back to the comparator in the CNC device for comparison with the command signal, using the difference after comparison for control. If there is a difference between the two, it is amplified by an amplifier and then controls the servo drive motor to rotate until the difference is zero, at which point the worktable stops moving. This system is called a closed-loop servo system.

BOSCH controller advantages

In a feedback control system, regardless of the cause (external disturbances or internal system changes), as long as the controlled variable deviates from the specified value, a corresponding control action is generated to eliminate the deviation. Therefore, it has the ability to suppress interference, is insensitive to changes in component characteristics, and can improve the response characteristics of the system. However, the introduction of the feedback loop increases the complexity of the system, and improper gain selection can cause system instability. To improve control accuracy, when disturbance variables can be measured, disturbance-based control (i.e., feedforward control) is often used simultaneously as a supplement to feedback control to form a composite control system. Generally speaking, open-loop control systems have a relatively simple structure and lower cost. The disadvantages of open-loop control systems are low control accuracy, poor ability to suppress interference, and sensitivity to changes in system parameters. They are generally used in occasions where external influences can be ignored or precision requirements are not high, such as washing machines, stepper motor control devices, and water level regulation systems. In closed-loop control systems, whether it is a change in the input signal, the influence of interference, or a change in internal system parameters, as long as the controlled variable deviates from the specified value, a corresponding action is generated to eliminate the deviation. Therefore, closed-loop control has strong interference suppression capability. Compared with open-loop control, the system is insensitive to parameter changes, allowing less precise components to be used to construct a more precise control system, achieving satisfactory dynamic characteristics and control accuracy. However, adopting feedback devices requires adding components, resulting in higher costs and increased system complexity. If the structural parameters of the system are not selected appropriately, the control process may become very poor, or even exhibit unstable conditions such as oscillation or divergence. Therefore, how to analyze the system and reasonably select the system structure and parameters to obtain satisfactory system performance is a problem that automatic control theory must study and solve.

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