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SIEMENS plug is the public communication backbone for transmitting information between various functional components of a computer. It is a transmission bundle composed of wires. According to the types of information transmitted by the computer, the computer bus can be divided into data bus, address bus, and control bus, which are used to transmit data, data addresses, and control signals respectively. The bus is an internal structure; it is the common channel for cpu, memory, input, and output devices to transmit information. The various components of the host are connected via the bus, and external devices are connected to the bus through corresponding interface circuits, thereby forming the computer hardware system. In a computer system, the public path for transmitting information between various components is called the bus. Microcomputers connect various functional components using a bus structure.

SIEMENS plug principle

The bus is a shared data transmission device. Although multiple devices can be connected to the bus, typically only one pair of devices participates in data transmission at any given moment. According to the form of information transmission, buses can be divided into parallel buses and serial buses. A parallel bus transmits n bits of binary information simultaneously using n transmission lines. Its characteristics include high transmission speed, but the system structure is more complex. It is used for connections between various components within a computer system. A serial bus shares a single transmission line for multi-bit binary information, with the multi-bit binary information passing through the bus in chronological order. Its characteristics include a simple structure, but its transmission speed is slower. The bus must have clear specifications: bus timing protocols, meaning that certain timing rules must be followed when transmitting information on the bus, such as synchronous bus timing, asynchronous bus timing, and semi-synchronous bus timing. The physical characteristics of the bus include the electrical characteristics of signals, power, and addresses, as well as the mechanical characteristics of wiring and connectors. Bus bandwidth is the maximum transmission rate achievable by the bus, and its unit is MB/S.

SIEMENS plug classification

Industrial bus networks can be categorized into three types: 485 network, HART network, and FieldBus fieldbus network. 485 network: RS485/MODBUS is a popular industrial networking method. Its characteristics include simple and convenient implementation, and there are many instruments supporting RS485. Instrument manufacturers have also turned to support RS485/MODBUS for a simple reason: RS485 conversion interfaces are not only inexpensive but also available in a wide variety. At least in the low-end market, RS485/MODBUS will remain the primary industrial networking method. HART network: HART is a transitional bus standard proposed by Emerson. Its main feature is superimposing digital signals on top of a 4-20 mA current signal. However, this protocol is not truly open; one must join its foundation to obtain the protocol, and joining the foundation requires a certain fee. HART technology is mainly monopolized by several large foreign companies. In recent years, domestic companies have also been working on it, but they have not yet reached the level of foreign companies. Many smart instruments come with [HART round card] and support HART communication functions. However, from the domestic perspective, this functionality has not been truly utilized for device networking and monitoring; at most, handheld communicators are used to set parameters. In the long run, due to reasons such as low HART communication speed and difficult networking, the application of HART instruments will show a downward trend. FieldBus fieldbus network: Fieldbus is one of the hot technologies in the automation field today, hailed as the local area network (LAN) of the automation field. Its emergence marks the beginning of a new era in automation control technology. Fieldbus is a digital, serial, multi-station communication network connecting instruments at the control site with control devices in the control room. Its key hallmark is the ability to support bidirectional, multi-node, bus-style fully digital communication. Fieldbus technology has become a hotspot in the international development of automation and instrumentation. Its emergence has brought revolutionary changes to traditional control system structures, further advancing automatic control systems toward "intelligence, digitization, informatization, networking, and decentralization," forming a new type of networked communication fully distributed control system—the Fieldbus Control System FCS (Fieldbus Control System). However, fieldbus has not yet formed a truly unified standard. Multiple standards such as ProfiBus, CANbus, and CC-Link coexist in parallel, each with its own niche. When unification will occur is uncertain. There are relatively few types of instruments supporting fieldbus, leaving little room for choice, prices are on the high side, and usage volume is small.

SIEMENS plug safety parameters

1) Insulation resistance: Insulation resistance refers to the resistance value presented by leakage current generated on or within the surface of the insulating part of a connector when voltage is applied to the insulating part. It is mainly influenced by factors such as insulation material, temperature, humidity, and contamination. The insulation resistance values provided in connector catalogs are generally indicator values under standard atmospheric conditions. Under certain environmental conditions, insulation resistance values may decrease to varying degrees. Additionally, pay attention to the test voltage value for insulation resistance. Based on insulation resistance (M MΩ) = voltage applied to the insulator (V V) / leakage current (μA μA), applying different voltages yields different results. In connector tests, the applied voltages generally have three levels: 10V, 100V, and 500V. 2) Rated voltage: Dielectric strength is the critical voltage that the mutually insulating parts of contact pairs, or the insulating parts and ground, can withstand within a specified time without breakdown, exceeding the rated voltage. It is mainly influenced by contact pair spacing, creepage distance, geometric shape, insulator material, ambient temperature and humidity, and atmospheric pressure. 3) Mechanical life: The mechanical life of a connector refers to its mating/unmating cycle life, typically specified as 500 to 1000 cycles. When this specified mechanical life is reached, indicators such as contact resistance, insulation resistance, and dielectric strength of the connector should not exceed specified values. Strictly speaking, mechanical life is related to time; using 500 cycles over 10 years is obviously different from using 500 cycles over 1 years. First, select the number of contact pairs based on circuit requirements, while considering the connector's volume and total separation force. A higher number of contact pairs naturally results in larger volume and relatively greater total separation force. In cases with high reliability requirements where volume permits, two contact pairs can be connected in parallel to improve connection reliability. In connector plugs and sockets, pins (male contacts) and sockets (female contacts) are generally interchangeable in assembly. In actual use, selection can be made based on the live status at both ends of the plug and socket. For example, if the socket needs to remain live, choose a socket equipped with female contacts, because the live contacts are embedded in the insulator, making them less accessible to human touch and thus relatively safer. Mainly consider the electrical continuity of contact pairs under vibration, shock, and collision at specified frequencies and accelerations. Contact pairs may experience instantaneous open circuits under these dynamic stress conditions. Specified instantaneous interruption times generally include 1μs, 10μs, 100μs, 1ms, and 10ms. Note how to judge instantaneous interruption faults in contact pairs. Currently, it is considered that a fault in a closed contact pair (contact) occurs when the voltage drop across its two ends exceeds 50% of the power source electromotive force. That is, there are two conditions for judging instantaneous interruption: duration and voltage drop, both of which are indispensable. Connectors generally consist of plugs and sockets, where the plug is also called a free-end connector, and the socket is also called a fixed connector. Circuit connection and disconnection are achieved through the mating and unmating of plugs and sockets, resulting in various connection methods for plugs and sockets. For circular connectors, the main methods are threaded coupling, bayonet coupling, and push-pull (ball-lock) coupling. Among these, threaded coupling is the most common. It has advantages such as simple processing technology, low manufacturing cost, and wide applicability, but the connection speed is slow, making it unsuitable for occasions requiring frequent mating/unmating and quick connections. Bayonet coupling has a faster connection speed due to the longer lead of its three bayonet slots, but its manufacturing is more complex and the cost is higher. Push-pull coupling is the fastest among the three connection methods. It does not require rotational motion; linear motion alone achieves connection, separation, and locking. Since it belongs to the straight push-pull connection method, it is only suitable for connectors with low total separation force. It is generally more common in small connectors.

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