German Knoll plug Knoll model Knoll price

Knoll plugs are conductive devices that bridge two conductors in a circuit, allowing current or signals to flow from one conductor to another. An electronic connector is an electromechanical system that provides a separable interface for connecting two subsystems. Simply put, components used to complete electrical connections between circuits or electronic devices are called connectors, acting as a bridge between them. In addition to meeting general performance requirements, it is particularly important that electrical connectors achieve good contact, reliable operation, and easy maintenance. Their operational reliability directly affects the normal functioning of aircraft circuits and involves the safety of the entire host system. Therefore, host circuits have very strict requirements for the quality and reliability of electrical connectors. It is precisely because of the high quality and high reliability of electrical connectors that they are also widely used in military systems such as aviation, aerospace, and national defense. Common classification methods for electrical connectors include shape, structure, and application.

Knoll plug features

1) Developing towards miniaturization, high density, and high-speed transmission; 2) Developing towards high performance and high-frequency technology; 3) There is also a large market demand for high-voltage and high-current connectors; 4) Connectors are also developing towards anti-interference technology, modular technology, and lead-free technology. As the rate of traditional parallel synchronous digital signals approaches its limit, high-speed serial transmission is a good solution. This makes Low-Voltage Differential Signaling (LVDS) the main electrical level standard for next-generation high-speed signals. The selection of high-speed connectors has also become a major issue to be resolved for high-rate signal interconnection. Several key technologies adopted in the development of high-speed connectors include: 1) Differential signaling, noise-free signaling, and ground plane technologies used to reduce crosstalk; 2) Adjusting connector leads to change delay differences caused by unequal physical distances between connector inputs and outputs; 3) To achieve maximum transmission efficiency, the characteristic impedance of the connector should match the characteristic impedance of the transmission circuit.

Knoll plug material

Material selection is based on a comprehensive consideration of processability, product applicability, and strength properties. The cost of electronic connectors varies depending on material prices, processing difficulty, and production efficiency. Electronic connector materials mainly include insulator materials (plastic raw materials) and conductor materials (phosphor bronze, brass). Common engineering plastics used in electronic connectors include: LCP, NYLON, PBT. 1) LCP: Has a small linear expansion coefficient, low injection molding shrinkage, outstanding strength and elastic modulus, and excellent heat resistance. It has a high load deformation temperature, with some grades exceeding 340 degrees. LCP also has excellent chemical resistance and airtightness. Therefore, LCP is the preferred material for general connectors, especially those requiring SMT, such as eg:MINI PCI EXPRESS; DDR. 2) NYLON: Lower cost, very high tensile strength, outstanding wear resistance and self-lubricity, good flowability beneficial for thin-wall molding. However, it shrinks significantly and is prone to burrs. Strict baking is required before molding to prevent hydrolysis. General connectors, especially DIP, mostly use NYLON material, such as eg:PCI 120P; PCI EXPRESS. 3) PBT: Plug-in electronic connectors. Low cost, high strength, wear-resistant, but poor moldability and significant shrinkage. Due to the lower melting temperature, plastic melting may occur during wave soldering.

Knoll plug main parameters

1) Rated voltage: Also known as operating voltage, it mainly depends on the insulating materials used in the connector and the spacing between contact pairs. Certain components or devices may fail to perform their intended functions when operated below their rated voltage. The rated voltage of a connector should effectively be understood as the maximum operating voltage recommended by the manufacturer. In principle, connectors can operate normally at voltages below the rated voltage. The author recommends selecting the rated voltage reasonably based on the connector's dielectric strength (withstand voltage) specifications, according to the application environment and safety level requirements. This means that with the same withstand voltage specification, different maximum operating voltages can be applied depending on the specific application environment and safety requirements, which better aligns with actual usage conditions. 2) Rated current: Also known as operating current. Similar to rated voltage, connectors generally operate normally when the current is below the rated current. During the connector design process, thermal design is employed to meet rated current requirements, because when current flows through the contact pair, heat is generated due to conductor resistance and contact resistance. If the temperature rise exceeds a certain limit, it will damage the connector's insulation and cause softening of the contact pair surface plating, leading to failures. Therefore, limiting the rated current effectively means limiting the internal temperature rise of the connector to not exceed the designed specified value. An important consideration during selection is that for multi-core connectors, the rated current must be derated. This requires particular attention in high-current applications; for example, for 3.5mm contact pairs, the rated current is generally specified as 50A, but for 5 cores, it must be derated by 33%, meaning the rated current per core is only 38A. The greater the number of cores, the larger the derating magnitude. 3) Contact resistance: Contact resistance refers to the resistance generated at the contact interface between two conductive contacts. Two issues should be noted during selection: First, the connector's contact resistance specification actually refers to the contact pair resistance, which includes both the contact resistance and the conductor resistance of the contact pair. Since conductor resistance is typically small, the contact pair resistance is often referred to as contact resistance in many technical specifications. Second, in circuits carrying small signals, attention must be paid to the conditions under which the specified contact resistance is tested, because oxide layers, oil stains, or other contaminants on the contact surfaces can create film resistance. As the film thickness increases, the resistance rises rapidly, causing the film to act as a poor conductor. However, this film layer can undergo mechanical breakdown under high contact pressure, or electrical breakdown under high voltage and high current. For some compact connectors designed with relatively low contact pressure, where the application involves only mA and mV levels, the film resistance is not easily broken down, which may affect signal transmission. One of the contact resistance test methods specified in GB5095 "Basic Test Procedures and Measurement Methods for Electromechanical Components Used in Electrical Equipment," namely the "Contact Resistance - Millivolt Method," stipulates that to prevent breakdown of the insulating film on the contacts, the open-circuit electromotive force (DC or AC peak) of the test circuit shall not exceed 20mV, and the DC or AC test current shall not exceed 100mA. 4) Shielding: In modern electrical and electronic equipment, the increasing density of components and their interrelated functions impose strict limits on electromagnetic interference. Therefore, connectors are often enclosed in metal housings to prevent internal electromagnetic radiation or interference from external electromagnetic fields. At low frequencies, only magnetic materials provide significant shielding against magnetic fields. In such cases, there are specific requirements for the electrical continuity of the metal housing, which relates to the housing contact resistance.

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