German CONRAD plug CONRAD model CONRAD price

CONRAD plug is a common line or path used in computers to connect various functional components and transmit data between them. In computer systems, buses can be classified according to the objects they connect: chip bus, also known as device-level bus, which is the bus inside the central processor chip; internal bus, also known as system bus or board-level bus, which is the transmission path between various functional components of the computer, and the microcomputer bus is usually called the internal bus; external bus, also known as communication bus, which is the transmission path between computer systems, or between the computer host and peripheral devices. In computer systems, the common path for transmitting information between various components is called the bus, and microcomputers use a bus structure to connect various functional components.

CONRAD plug introduction

Any microprocessor must be connected to a certain number of components and peripheral devices. However, if each component and every peripheral device were directly connected to the CPU using separate sets of wires, the wiring would become intricate and complex, making it difficult or even impossible to implement. To simplify hardware circuit design and system architecture, a common set of lines, equipped with appropriate interface circuits, is used to connect various components and peripheral devices. This shared connection pathway is known as a bus. Adopting a bus structure facilitates the expansion of components and devices, especially when unified bus standards are established, enabling interoperability among different devices. In microcomputers, buses are generally categorized into internal buses, system buses, and external buses. The internal bus connects peripheral chips within the microcomputer to the processor for chip-level interconnection. The system bus connects plug-in boards to the system board within the microcomputer for board-level interconnection. The external bus connects the microcomputer to external devices, allowing information and data exchange between the microcomputer and other equipment at the device level. Additionally, from a broader perspective, computer communication methods can be divided into parallel communication and serial communication, with the corresponding communication buses referred to as parallel buses and serial buses. Parallel communication offers high speed and good real-time performance but requires many signal lines, making it unsuitable for miniaturized products. Although serial communication has a lower data rate, it is simpler, more convenient, and more flexible in microprocessor circuits where data throughput is not very high. Serial communication is generally classified into asynchronous mode and synchronous mode. With the development of microelectronics and computer technology, bus technology continues to evolve and improve, resulting in a wide variety of computer bus technologies, each with its own characteristics.

CONRAD plug features

Utilizing existing DIN-rail terminal block frame screw connection technology, and adding circuits composed of electronic components, the transmission coupling of the optoelectronic process is achieved. The core of automatic control is that the control unit must be reliably isolated from various sensors and actuators to avoid interference. The Sanmenwan WUKG2 optical isolation terminal can effectively perform this function, ensuring that field signals match the low voltage required by electronic control devices. It can also serve as an interface element between peripheral equipment for process control and control, signal, and regulator devices, and is suitable for different voltage and power ranges. Optical isolation terminals have advantages such as low signal loss at the control end, high switching frequency, no mechanical contact bounce, wear-free switching, high insulation voltage, resistance to vibration, independence from position, and long service life, so they are widely used in the field of automatic control.

CONRAD plug main parameters

1) Rated Voltage: Rated voltage, also known as operating voltage, primarily depends on the insulating materials used in the connector and the spacing between contact pairs. Certain components or devices may fail to perform their intended functions when operated below their rated voltage. The rated voltage of a connector should effectively be understood as the maximum operating voltage recommended by the manufacturer. In principle, connectors can operate normally at voltages below the rated voltage. The author recommends selecting the rated voltage reasonably based on the connector's withstand voltage (dielectric strength) specifications, taking into account the application environment and safety level requirements. This means that for the same withstand voltage specification, different maximum operating voltages can be applied depending on the specific usage environment and safety requirements, which aligns better with actual operating conditions. 2) Rated Current: Also known as operating current. Similar to rated voltage, connectors generally operate normally when the current is below the rated current. During the connector design process, thermal design is employed to meet rated current requirements because current flowing through contact pairs generates heat due to conductor resistance and contact resistance. If the temperature rise exceeds a certain limit, it can damage the connector's insulation and cause softening of the contact pair surface plating, leading to failures. Therefore, limiting the rated current essentially means ensuring that the internal temperature rise of the connector does not exceed the designed specified value. A key consideration during selection is that for multi-core connectors, the rated current must be derated. This is particularly important in high-current applications. For example, for φ3.5mm contact pairs, the rated current is generally specified as 50A, but for 5 cores, it must be derated by 33%, meaning the rated current per core is only 38A. The greater the number of cores, the larger the derating margin. 3) Contact Resistance: Contact resistance refers to the resistance generated at the contact interface between two conductive contacts. Two issues should be noted during selection. First, the contact resistance specification of a connector actually refers to the contact pair resistance, which includes both the contact resistance and the conductor resistance of the contact pair. Since conductor resistance is typically small, the contact pair resistance is often referred to as contact resistance in many technical specifications. Second, in circuits handling small signals, attention must be paid to the conditions under which the specified contact resistance is tested, because oxide layers, oil stains, or other contaminants on the contact surfaces can create film resistance. As the film thickness increases, the resistance rises rapidly, turning the film into a poor conductor. However, this film layer can undergo mechanical breakdown under high contact pressure, or electrical breakdown under high voltage or high current. For some miniature connectors designed with relatively low contact pressure, used in applications involving only mA and mV levels, the film resistance may not break down easily, potentially affecting signal transmission. One of the contact resistance test methods specified in GB5095 "Basic Test Procedures and Measurement Methods for Electromechanical Components Used in Electrical Equipment," namely the "Contact Resistance - Millivolt Method," stipulates that to prevent breakdown of the insulating film on the contacts, the DC or AC peak open-circuit electromotive force of the test circuit shall not exceed 20mV, and the DC or AC test current shall not exceed 100mA. 4) Shielding: In modern electrical and electronic equipment, the increasing density of components and their related functions imposes strict limits on electromagnetic interference. Therefore, connectors are often enclosed in metal housings to prevent internal electromagnetic radiation or interference from external electromagnetic fields. At low frequencies, only magnetic materials provide significant shielding against magnetic fields. In such cases, there are specific requirements for the electrical continuity of the metal housing, which relates to the housing contact resistance.

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