German PUK tools PUK models PUK prices

PUK tools, also known as hand tools, are distinguished from power tools. They primarily rely on manual force to turn or apply pressure. Hand tools are categorized by application into wrenches, pliers, screwdrivers, tape measures, hammers, sockets, cutting tools, scissors, tool sets, and auxiliary items such as tool trolleys, with each category having different models. Wrenches include open-end wrenches (fixed wrenches), double box-end wrenches, ratchet wrenches (quick wrenches), combination wrenches, pipe wrenches, T type socket wrenches, cross socket wrenches, and adjustable wrenches; pliers include wire cutters, needle-nose pliers, diagonal cutters, snap-ring pliers, slip-joint pliers, water pump pliers, pipe wrenches, and locking pliers; screwdrivers include slotted, Phillips, Pozidriv, hex, and Torx types; sockets are divided into standard sockets, Torx sockets (E type sockets), driver sockets (BIT sockets), spark plug sockets, and impact sockets. Common specifications include 1/4", 3/8", and 1/2", where " denotes inches; additionally, each specification is available in 6-point sockets and 12-point sockets; hammers include claw hammers, machinist hammers, ball-peen hammers, rubber mallets, and installation hammers; cutting tools include files, diamond files, tin snips, aviation snips, utility knives, square tube saws, pipe cutters, and cable cutters; materials include chrome-vanadium steel, carbon steel, and alloy steel.

PUK tool principles

The principle of hydraulics involves two cylinders of different sizes filled with water or oil. Water-filled systems are called 'water presses'; oil-filled systems are called 'oil presses'. Each cylinder contains a sliding piston. If a specific pressure is applied to the small piston, according to Pascal's law, the small piston transmits this pressure through the fluid to the large piston, lifting it. Let the cross-sectional area of the small piston be S1, and the downward force applied to the small piston be F1. Thus, the pressure exerted by the small piston on the fluid is P=F1/SI, which is transmitted unchanged in all directions through the fluid. The pressure received by the large piston must also equal P. If the cross-sectional area of the large piston is S2, the upward force F2 generated by the pressure P on the large piston is PxS2, which is a multiple of the small piston's cross-sectional area. From this equation, applying a small force to the small piston results in a large force on the large piston, making hydraulic presses suitable for pressing plywood, extracting oil, lifting heavy loads, and forging steel.

PUK tool structure and composition

The function of power components is to convert the mechanical energy of the prime mover into hydraulic pressure energy. This refers to the oil pump in the hydraulic system, which provides power to the entire system. Hydraulic pumps generally come in gear pump, vane pump, and piston pump configurations. Actuators (such as hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motors) convert hydraulic pressure energy into mechanical energy, driving loads in linear reciprocating or rotary motion. Control components (i.e., various hydraulic valves) control and regulate the pressure, flow, and direction of the fluid in the hydraulic system. Based on control functions, hydraulic valves are classified into pressure control valves, flow control valves, and directional control valves. Pressure control valves include relief valves (safety valves), reducing valves, sequence valves, and pressure relays; flow control valves include throttle valves, adjustment valves, and flow divider/combiner valves; directional control valves include check valves, pilot-operated check valves, shuttle valves, and directional control valves. Based on control methods, hydraulic valves are classified into on/off control valves, fixed-value control valves, and proportional control valves. Auxiliary components include oil tanks, oil filters, oil pipes and fittings, seals, pressure gauges, and oil level/temperature gauges. Hydraulic oil is the working medium that transfers energy in the hydraulic system, including mineral oils, emulsions, and synthetic hydraulic oils.

PUK tool usage

1) Plane blade adjustment: When installing the plane blade, first align the blade with the cap iron, control the distance between their cutting edges, and then insert them into the plane body. Bring the cutting edge close to the sole, add the wedge, and press down slightly. Hold the left corner of the sole with your left hand, using your thumb to secure the wedge, cap iron, and plane blade. Use a hammer to adjust the cutting edge so it protrudes from the mouth. The amount of protrusion is proportional to the cutting depth: more for rough planing, less for fine planing. To check the protrusion, lift the plane with your left hand, sole facing up, and sight along it with one eye. If the protrusion is inappropriate, lightly tap the top of the blade. If it protrudes too much and needs retraction, lightly tap the rear of the plane body. If one corner of the cutting edge protrudes, lightly tap the upper side of that same corner. 2) Planing technique: When planing, extend the index fingers of both hands forward to press on the plane body, press the thumbs on the rear of the blade, and grip the handle firmly with the remaining fingers and palms. Keep the plane body level and apply uniform force with both hands. When pushing forward, increase pressure with both thumbs and slightly with the index fingers; gradually reduce pressure towards the end until no pressure is applied. When retracting, slightly lift the rear of the plane to prevent the cutting edge from dragging on the wood surface, which causes dulling. When planing long stock, step forward with the left foot, followed by the right. Before planing long stock, determine whether the surface is heartwood or sapwood; generally, heartwood is cleaner with clearer grain. For heartwood, plane from root to tip; for sapwood, plane from tip to root. Planing along the grain saves effort; otherwise, it causes 'tear-out,' resulting in a rough, uneven surface and requiring excessive force. During planing, keep the sole flat against the wood surface. Do not tilt the front at the start, and do let the front dip at the end (commonly known as 'nodding'). Otherwise, the middle of the planed surface will bulge, a common beginner's mistake that must be corrected.

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