German WAECHTER encoder WAECHTER model WAECHTER price

WAECHTER encoders are used to measure physical quantities such as speed, position, velocity, or angle bai. They are sensors that convert mechanical displacement du into electrical signals zhi, and are divided into incremental and absolute types. Incremental encoders generate pulse signals; the number of pulses can be used to measure speed, length, or position. For absolute encoders, each position corresponds to a digital value of displacement. Inside the encoder, there is a rotating disk (code disk) with several transparent and opaque windows. A photoelectric receiver collects intermittent light beams, thus converting light pulses into electrical pulses, which are then processed and output by electronic output circuits.

WAECHTER encoder principle

An optical encoder is a sensor that uses the principle of grating diffraction to achieve displacement-to-digital conversion. Through photoelectric conversion, it converts the mechanical geometric displacement on the output shaft into digital pulse quantities. Common optical encoders consist of a code disk, a light-emitting element, and a photosensitive element. The code disk is essentially a disk engraved with regular transparent and opaque lines. The luminous flux received by the photosensitive element changes synchronously with the transparent lines. The waveform output from the photosensitive element is shaped into pulse signals, with one pulse output per revolution. Based on the pulse changes, equipment displacement can be precisely measured and controlled. Incremental encoders directly use the photoelectric conversion principle to output three sets of square wave pulses: phase A, phase B, and phase Z. The phase difference between the A and B pulse groups is 90º, allowing the rotation direction to be easily determined. Phase Z generates one pulse per revolution and is used for reference point positioning. Its advantages include simple construction, a mechanical average service life of tens of thousands of hours or more, strong anti-interference capability, high reliability, and suitability for long-distance transmission. Its disadvantage is the inability to output absolute position information of the shaft rotation.

Main functions of WAECHTER encoders

It is a rotary sensor that converts rotational displacement into a series of digital pulse signals. These pulses can be used to control angular displacement. If the encoder is combined with a rack and pinion or a lead screw, it can also be used to measure linear displacement. After the encoder generates electrical signals, they are processed by numerical control devices CNC, programmable logic controllers PLC, control systems, etc. These sensors are mainly applied in the following areas: machine tools, material processing, motor feedback systems, and measurement and control equipment. In ELTRA encoders, the conversion of angular displacement adopts the principle of photoelectric scanning. The reading system is based on the rotation of a radial code disk, which consists of alternating transparent and opaque windows. The entire system is illuminated vertically by an infrared light source, projecting the image on the disk onto the surface of the receiver. The receiver is covered with a grating, called a collimator, which has windows identical to those on the code disk. The receiver's function is to sense the light changes produced by the rotation of the code disk and convert these light changes into corresponding electrical changes. Generally, a rotary encoder can also obtain a speed signal, which is fed back to the frequency converter to adjust its output data. Fault phenomenon: 1. When the rotary encoder fails (no output), the frequency converter cannot operate normally, runs very slowly, and eventually triggers protection, displaying "PG disconnected"... Joint action is required for proper operation. To raise the electrical signal to a higher level and generate square wave pulses without any interference, electronic circuits must be used for processing. Encoder pg wiring and parameters: The connection method between the vector frequency converter and the encoder pg must correspond to the encoder pg model. Generally, encoder pg models are divided into differential output, open-collector output, and push-pull output. The signal transmission method must consider the interface of the frequency converter pg card, so selecting the appropriate pg card model or setting reasonable parameters is necessary. Encoders are generally divided into incremental and absolute types, with the biggest difference being: in the case of incremental encoders, the position is determined by the number of pulses counted from the zero mark, while the position of absolute encoders is determined by the reading of the output code. Within one revolution, the reading of the output code for each position is unique; therefore, when power is disconnected, the absolute encoder does not lose track of the actual position. If power is restored, the position reading remains current and valid; unlike incremental encoders, there is no need to search for the zero mark. Encoder manufacturers produce comprehensive series, usually specialized, such as elevator-specific encoders, machine tool-specific encoders, servo motor-specific encoders, etc. Furthermore, encoders are intelligent and have various parallel interfaces for communication with other devices. An encoder is a device that converts angular or linear displacement into electrical signals. The former is called a code disk, and the latter a code scale. According to the readout method, encoders can be divided into contact and non-contact types. Contact types use brush outputs, where a brush contacts a conductive or insulating area to indicate whether the code status is "1" or "0". Non-contact types use photosensitive or magnetosensitive elements as receiving sensitive components. When using photosensitive elements, transparent and opaque areas indicate whether the code status is "1" or "0". According to working principles, encoders can be divided into incremental and absolute types. Incremental encoders convert displacement into periodic electrical signals, which are then converted into counting pulses, with the number of pulses representing the magnitude of displacement. Each position of an absolute encoder corresponds to a definite digital code, so its indication depends only on the starting and ending positions of the measurement, not on the intermediate process. Rotary incremental encoders output pulses during rotation, and their position is known through counting equipment. When the encoder is stationary or power is lost, the position is remembered by the internal memory of the counting equipment. Thus, after a power loss, the encoder must not move. During operation after power restoration, pulses must not be lost due to interference; otherwise, the zero point memorized by the counting equipment will shift, and the amount of this shift is unknown until erroneous production results appear. The solution is to add a reference point. Each time the encoder passes the reference point, the reference position corrects the memory position of the counting equipment. Before the reference point, position accuracy cannot be guaranteed. Therefore, in industrial control, methods such as finding the reference point before each operation or finding zero at startup are used. Such encoders are determined by the mechanical position of the code disk and are unaffected by power loss or interference. Absolute encoders determine the uniqueness of each position by mechanical position, requiring no memory, no search for a reference point, and no continuous counting. The position is read whenever it is needed. Thus,the anti-interference characteristics and data reliability of the encoder are greatly improved. Since absolute encoders are significantly superior to incremental encoders in positioning, they are increasingly used in industrial control positioning. Due to the high precision and large number of output bits of absolute encoders, if parallel output is still used, every bit of the output signal must ensure good connection, and isolation is required for more complex conditions. This results in many cable cores, causing inconvenience and reduced reliability. Therefore, for multi-bit output absolute encoders, serial output or bus-type output is generally selected. The most common serial output for German-produced absolute encoders is SSI (Synchronous Serial Interface). Multi-turn absolute encoders. Encoder manufacturers use the principle of clock gear mechanics. When the central code disk rotates, another set of code disks (or multiple sets of gears and code disks) is driven via gear transmission. On the basis of single-turn encoding, turn-count encoding is added to expand the measurement range of the encoder. Such absolute encoders are called multi-turn absolute encoders. They are also determined by mechanical position, with unique and non-repeating coding for each position, requiring no memory. Another advantage of multi-turn encoders is that the large measurement range often provides ample margin in actual use. Thus, during installation, there is no need to struggle to find the zero point; a certain intermediate position can be used as the starting point, greatly simplifying installation and commissioning difficulties. Multi-turn absolute encoders have obvious advantages in length positioning and are increasingly used in industrial control positioning.

WAECHTER encoder working principle

Slots of equal angle are opened on the edge of a code disk (divided into transparent and opaque parts). Light sources and photosensitive elements are installed on both sides of the slotted code disk. When the code disk rotates with the working shaft, each passage of a slot causes a change in light intensity. After shaping and amplification, electrical pulse output signals of a certain amplitude and power can be obtained. The number of pulses equals the number of slots passed. This pulse signal is sent to a counter for counting, and the angle rotated by the code disk can be determined from the measured digital count. To determine the direction of rotation, two sets of photoelectric conversion devices can be used. Their relative spatial positions are arranged to ensure that the signals they produce have a phase difference of 1/4 cycle.

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