German derendinger springs derendinger models derendinger prices

derendinger springs are helical springs that withstand axial tensile forces. Extension springs are generally manufactured from materials with a circular cross-section. When not under load, the coils of an extension spring are typically close-wound with no gaps. Many different terminal devices or "hooks" are used to ensure the source of tensile force for the extension spring. The working principle of extension springs is opposite to that of compression springs. Compression springs exert a reactive force when compressed, while extension springs exert a reactive force when extended or pulled apart. When the two ends of an extension spring are pulled apart, the spring attempts to pull them back together. Like compression springs, extension springs also absorb and store energy. However, unlike compression springs, most extension springs are usually under a certain degree of tension, even without any load. This initial tension determines the tightness of the extension spring coils when there is no load.

derendinger spring surface treatment

1) Black oxide treatment: This surface treatment provides a black surface; black oxide is applied more for aesthetic improvement than for corrosion resistance. 2) Chrome plating: Chrome plating is primarily a treatment method for carbon steel products, mainly intended to increase corrosion resistance. 3) Oil impregnation: Oil impregnation is a standard treatment method for carbon steel parts, intended to prevent rust during transportation and storage. 4) Passivation: Passivation is a cleaning method for stainless steel materials. 5) Phosphate coating: Phosphating offers better corrosion resistance than black oxide. 6) Ultrasonic cleaning: This is the standard surface treatment method for stainless steel materials. 7) Vibratory deburring: Used to eliminate sharp edges on products.

derendinger spring measures to control springback

1) Select materials with good bending performance: Using materials with a low yield limit and high elastic modulus as bending parts can achieve higher bending quality. In addition, the magnitude of thickness tolerance of the blank, the surface quality, and the flatness have a significant impact on bending springback. For workpieces with high bending accuracy requirements, the quality of the blank in these aspects should also be screened. 2) Select a smaller relative bending radius: A small r/t value indicates a large degree of deformation. Generally, when r/t ≤ 3-5, it is considered that the bending zone of the sheet metal has fully entered the plastic state. A smaller bending radius is beneficial for reducing springback, but an excessively small bending radius may cause cracking in the bending zone. The minimum bending radius of materials provided in references is mainly empirical data, which can serve as a reference for sheet metal designers when designing the bending radius of workpieces. 3) Select the required die clearance: For V type bending, the clearance value is achieved by high-speed machine tools and is independent of the die itself. For U type bending, springback decreases as the depth of the die opening increases, and springback decreases as the die clearance decreases. For workpieces with high bending accuracy, the single-side bending clearance can be taken as Z = t; if higher bending accuracy is required, adopting bending with slight thinning is more effective in reducing springback. Because zero or negative clearance bending can change the stress state of the sheet metal, transforming ordinary bending into bending with tensile-bending characteristics, creating a compressive stress state on the inner side of the neutral layer of the blank, so that the entire cross-section of the blank is in a tensile stress state in the tangential direction. After unloading, the springback of the inner and outer fibers cancels each other out, thereby reducing springback (Figure 4). Therefore, adopting tensile bending processes and dies with adjustable clearance is very beneficial for controlling springback. 4) Design reasonable workpiece shapes: U type bent parts have less springback than V type parts. Complex workpiece shapes involve more mutual constraints between parts, making springback difficult to control. Therefore, ? type has less springback than U type. If suitable stiffening ribs are pressed at the bending area, the springback will be even smaller. Therefore, flanging or hemming treatment of bent parts can not only improve stiffness but also reduce springback. 5) Adopt appropriate microstructural states: Materials after cold working hardening have large bending springback. For bent parts with high accuracy requirements where the blank has cold working hardening, annealing treatment should be performed before bending. Where necessary and permissible, heating bending should be adopted for workpieces with thicker blanks to eliminate springback. The springback angle of calibration bending is significantly smaller than that of free bending, and the greater the calibration force, the smaller the springback. 6) Calibrate the shape of the bending punch: This is because the calibration bending force concentrates the punching force in the bending deformation zone, forcing the inner layer of the metal to be compressed. After the sheet metal is calibrated, both the inner and outer fibers are elongated and will shorten after unloading. Since the springback trends of the inner and outer layers are opposite, the springback amount will decrease, thereby achieving the goal of overcoming or reducing springback. Therefore, calibration bending is a bending method similar in nature to tensile bending, and its application range appears to be broader. Generally, the punch for calibration bending mostly adopts the shape shown in Figure 5.

derendinger spring applications

To a large extent, disc springs are replacing cylindrical helical springs. They are commonly used in heavy machinery (such as presses) and weapons such as artillery and aircraft, serving as high-strength buffer and vibration-damping springs, as clamping springs for automobile and tractor clutches and safety valves, and as energy storage elements for mobile equipment. Disadvantage: Load deviation is difficult to guarantee. Disc springs can be divided into three categories based on their cross-sectional shape: standard disc springs (with a rectangular cross-section), disc springs with radial slots, and trapezoidal cross-section disc springs. Standard disc springs are divided into two types: those with support surfaces and those without. Disc springs with radial slots are developed from standard disc springs by cutting several uniformly distributed slots along the radial direction; the slots can be cut from the inner hole towards the outer diameter, or from the outer diameter towards the inner hole. Trapezoidal cross-section disc springs can be divided into two types: those with an inner edge thickness greater than the outer edge thickness, and those with an inner edge thickness less than the outer edge thickness. Since the deformation and load values of a single disc spring often cannot meet usage requirements, they can be used in groups to form disc spring assemblies (columns). Typical combination methods include: stacked combination disc springs, compound combination disc springs, and other combined disc springs. Compared with cylindrical helical springs, disc springs have the following characteristics: 1) The load-deflection characteristic curve exhibits a nonlinear relationship. 2) Disc springs are thin and easy to form into assemblies, allowing for modular assembly and replacement, which facilitates maintenance. 3) Disc springs with radial slots exhibit zero-stiffness characteristics. This characteristic can be applied in situations where the spring force is required to remain basically stable within a certain deformation range. 4) The vibration absorption performance of disc springs is no lower than that of cylindrical helical springs. When using stacked combinations, the friction between disc spring slices provides significant damping, dissipating impact energy.

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