German carl knoche springs, carl knoche models, carl knoche prices

carl knoche springs are elastic elements with several peaks and valleys on a thin metal ring. They are typically used in applications where the load and deformation are small, requiring low spring stiffness and axial preload. Wave springs are particularly suitable for weight-sensitive applications and those constrained by limited installation space. Typical application areas include aerospace, precision machinery, hydraulic seals, and high-end motors. They are thin, ring-shaped elastic metal components composed of several peaks and valleys. This product uses high-quality spring steel 65Mn (60Si2MnA/50CrVA /0Cr17Ni7Al /SUS304), heat-treated using specific methods. Depending on the specific conditions, hardness is generally controlled between HRC44 and 55. The surface is blackened, offering good elasticity. Wave springs are widely used in industries such as motors, textile machinery, hydraulic equipment, and automotive. They are mainly installed in bearing housings or bores suitable for their nominal dimensions. With very small installation space, they have special functions of reducing noise and vibration.

carl knoche spring influencing factors

Springback includes angular springback and curvature springback. This is the result of the combined effect of springback in the bending deformation zone and the non-deformation zone. Many factors influence springback, mainly: (1) material mechanical properties σs, Eoσs; the higher the value, the smaller the E value, and the greater the bending springback; (2) degree of deformation r/t. Under the same conditions, angular springback increases as the r/t value increases; curvature springback decreases as the r/t value increases; (3) bending center angle αo; a larger bending center angle α results in a larger springback angle; (4) die clearance Z; larger punch and die clearance results in greater springback; (5) bending method. Free bending has large springback, corrected bending has smaller springback, and full-form upsetting bending has the smallest springback; (6) workpiece shape and material microstructure state. Complex shapes with more mutual constraints have smaller springback, while springback is greater after cold working hardening; (7) die structure and blank holder force magnitude. Greater blank holder force results in smaller springback after bending the workpiece.

carl knoche spring composition

Ring springs are compression springs composed of several inner and outer rings with conical surfaces. Under axial load P, significant normal pressure is generated between the contact surfaces of the inner and outer rings, causing the inner ring diameter to decrease and the outer ring diameter to increase. Due to these changes in diameters, the spring shortens in length. When the external force is removed, since the ring cone angle b is greater than the friction angle, the spring restores its original dimensions under elastic internal forces. When ring springs bear axial P, significant friction is generated between the conical contact surfaces of the inner and outer rings, consuming considerable energy. At this time, the force and deformation remain linearly related. During loading, the external force P equals the sum of the spring's internal force and friction. ABO represents the unloading process, which includes two stages: the AB segment and the BO segment. The AB segment indicates the situation where the load decreases, and the spring's elastic internal force overcomes static friction, gradually restoring the spring to its original state. The inner and outer rings of ring springs are made of high-quality carbon steel or wear-resistant alloy steel. Each ring is first roll-formed to the required shape to improve its load-bearing capacity, and then heat-treated. Ring springs are powerful springs with significant buffering and shock absorption capabilities (the ratio of area OABO to OACO can reach 60～70%). They are commonly used in buffering devices for heavy vehicles, artillery, and aircraft landing gear.

carl knoche spring features

Suspensions using torsion bar springs have lighter mass, simpler structures, and do not require lubrication. By adjusting the installation angle of the fixed end of the torsion bar spring, automatic adjustment of vehicle body height is easily achieved. Torsion bar springs store greater elastic energy per unit volume and have low mass. Compared to coil springs, torsion bar springs are compact and easy to arrange. Torsion bar springs are widely used in off-road vehicles, light passenger cars, and trucks. According to their cross-sectional shape, torsion bar springs can be classified as circular, tubular, or leaf-type. Circular solid torsion bars have simple structures and are the most commonly used. To assemble the torsion bar, its ends are machined into splines, hexagonal, square, etc. Since the spline end dimensions are relatively small, spline connections are mostly used. Generally, the major diameter of the spline is 1.2~1.3 times the working diameter of the torsion bar, and the spline length is approximately 1.4 times the spline major diameter. As long as the compressive stress on the spline teeth is within permissible limits, the spline teeth should not be selected too long. Torsion bar springs generally use involute splines GB3478. In the JSB2705 standard, the recommended standard pressure angle for splines is 45°; modules are 1mm and 0.75mm. To facilitate torsion bar spring assembly, some torsion bar springs have unequal diameters at both ends or a blind tooth machined on the spline teeth at both ends.

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