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Mankenberg seals are devices that prevent fluid leakage, consisting of at least one pair of end faces perpendicular to the axis of rotation. These faces remain in contact and slide relative to each other under the action of fluid pressure and the elastic force (or magnetic force) of the compensation mechanism, in conjunction with auxiliary seals. Mechanical seals where the elastic loading mechanism and auxiliary seal are metal bellows are referred to as metal bellows seals. In light-duty seals, rubber bellows are also used as auxiliary seals; since the elastic force of rubber bellows is limited, springs are generally required to supplement the loading force. Mechanical seals are commonly abbreviated as "mech seals".

Mankenberg seal operating principle

A mechanical seal is a shaft sealing device that achieves leak prevention by maintaining contact between one or more pairs of end faces sliding relative to each other perpendicular to the shaft, under the action of fluid pressure and the elastic force (or magnetic force) of the compensation mechanism, supplemented by auxiliary seals. The common mechanical seal structure consists of components such as the stationary ring (static ring), rotating ring (dynamic ring), elastic element spring seat, set screws, rotating ring auxiliary O-ring, and stationary ring auxiliary O-ring. Anti-rotation pins are fixed to the gland to prevent the stationary ring from rotating. The rotating ring and stationary ring may also be referred to as compensating rings or non-compensating rings, depending on whether they possess axial compensation capability.

Mankenberg seal system composition

1) Gland housing: In the past, gland housings for mechanical seals were stuffing boxes designed for soft packing seals. They are unsuitable for mechanical seals, not only because the dimensions are too small and the clearances too narrow, but also because the simple cylindrical shape is inappropriate. Standards for enlarged mechanical seal gland housings have been established abroad. In addition, companies such as Durametallic in the United States and the Fluid Sealing Association (formerly the British Fluid Power Association's research group contextually implies similar entities, but sticking to source: UK Fluid Dynamics Research Group) are studying rational mechanical seal gland housings. Their shape should not only facilitate fluid flow and heat dissipation but also help remove solid particles, creating a favorable environment for the seal. 2) Fugitive emission control system: In the past, attention was focused only on eliminating visible fluid leaks, neglecting the control of invisible fugitive emissions. This has led to environmental pollution and posed risks to equipment and personnel. Abroad, organizations such as the Sealing Technology Committee of the Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers (STLE) in the United States have issued guidelines for controlling fugitive emissions from rotating machinery, compressors, and screw systems equipped with mechanical seals, including SP-30 (1994), SP-32 (1990), and SP-33 (1991). SP-30 is implemented in three phases. It clearly defines barrier fluids and buffer fluids, clarifying erroneous and confused concepts. A barrier fluid is a fluid introduced between dual seals to completely block process fluid from leaking into the surrounding environment. The pressure of the barrier fluid is always higher than the pressure of the sealed process fluid. A buffer fluid is a fluid used between dual seals as a lubricant or buffer; its pressure is always lower than the pressure of the sealed process fluid. 3) Auxiliary system integration: Mechanical seal auxiliary systems require integration of cooling, heating, and flushing systems. Pump circulation needs optimization, and condition monitoring systems are being researched and resolved. The API-682 standard specifies the integration of auxiliary systems. 4) Gas barrier seal system: In the past, liquid-blocking-liquid or liquid-blocking-gas configurations were common in barrier seal systems. To simplify bulky barrier liquid systems, barrier gases are now used to block liquids or gases. In gas-blocking seal systems, spiral groove gas seals with barrier gas, floating bushings with barrier gas, etc., can be employed to block gases and liquids.

Mankenberg seal maintenance

1) Control of gland pressure: High gland pressure can cause steam leakage from the gland, easily leading to water ingress into the oil and deterioration of turbine oil quality. Excessively high gland pressure will trigger the action of the equalizing box safety valve, wasting working fluid and damaging equipment. Too low gland pressure may cause a drop in unit vacuum, allowing cold air to enter the gland or even the cylinder, causing cooling of the gland section or inside the cylinder, which seriously threatens equipment safety. 2) Impact of abnormal gland temperature on the unit: When the gland temperature is too high, especially before unit startup, excessive heat causes intense heating at the shaft end steam seal and rotor steam seal sections, leading to local stress concentration and certain deformation. This may alter the clearance between the rotor and the cylinder, increase steam leakage from the gland, and increase differential expansion, potentially causing serious rubbing between stationary and rotating parts. When the gland temperature is too low, the shaft end steam seal and rotor steam seal sections are cooled, similarly causing local stress concentration, altering the clearance between the cylinder and the rotor, increasing steam leakage at the shaft end, and decreasing differential expansion. Low gland temperature may also result in water carryover in the gland supply steam, causing water hammer in the gland supply piping. In severe cases, this can lead to water ingress into the turbine.

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