German XEIKON machinery sensors, XEIKON machinery models, XEIKON machinery prices

XEIKON machinery sensors are used to detect angles. There is a hole in the body that fits LEGO axles. When connected to RCX, the angle sensor counts once for every 1/16 revolution of the axle. When rotating in one direction, the count increases; when the direction changes, the count decreases. The count depends on the initial position of the angle sensor. When initializing the angle sensor, its count value is set to 0. If needed, you can reset it via programming.

XEIKON machinery sensor classification

1) Contact type: The sensing element of contact temperature sensors has good contact with the object being measured; they are also known as thermometers. Thermometers reach thermal equilibrium through conduction or convection, allowing the reading to directly indicate the temperature of the object. Generally, measurement accuracy is high. Within a certain temperature range, thermometers can also measure internal temperature distribution. However, significant measurement errors occur for moving objects, small targets, or objects with very low heat capacity. Common thermometers include bimetallic thermometers, glass liquid-in-glass thermometers, pressure thermometers, resistance thermometers, thermistors, and thermocouples. They are widely used in industrial, agricultural, and commercial sectors. These thermometers are also commonly used in daily life. With the widespread application of cryogenic technology in national defense engineering, space technology, metallurgy, electronics, food, medicine, petrochemicals, and research into superconductivity, cryogenic thermometers for measuring temperatures below 120K have been developed, such as cryogenic gas thermometers, vapor pressure thermometers, acoustic thermometers, paramagnetic salt thermometers, quantum thermometers, cryogenic resistance thermometers, and cryogenic thermocouples. Cryogenic thermometers require sensing elements that are small, highly accurate, and offer good reproducibility and stability. Carburized glass resistance thermometers, made by carburizing and sintering porous high-silica glass, are one type of sensing element for cryogenic thermometers and can be used to measure temperatures in the range of 1.6 to 300K. 2) Non-contact type: The sensing element does not touch the object being measured; these are also known as non-contact temperature measuring instruments. Such instruments can measure the surface temperature of moving objects, small targets, objects with low heat capacity, or objects with rapid (transient) temperature changes, and can also measure temperature field distributions. The most common non-contact temperature measuring instruments are based on the basic laws of blackbody radiation and are called radiation thermometers. Radiation thermometry includes brightness methods (see optical pyrometers), radiation methods (see radiation pyrometers), and colorimetric methods (see colorimetric thermometers). Various radiation thermometry methods can only measure corresponding brightness temperature, radiation temperature, or colorimetric temperature. Only the temperature measured for a blackbody (an object that absorbs all radiation and reflects no light) is the true temperature. To determine the true temperature of an object, correction for the material's surface emissivity is required. Material surface emissivity depends not only on temperature and wavelength but also on surface condition, coatings, and microstructure, making precise measurement difficult. In automated production, radiation thermometry is often used to measure or control the surface temperature of certain objects, such as steel strip rolling temperature, roll temperature, forging temperature, and the temperature of various molten metals in smelting furnaces or crucibles in metallurgy. In these specific cases, measuring object surface emissivity is quite difficult. For automatic measurement and control of solid surface temperatures, additional mirrors can be used to form a blackbody cavity with the measured surface. The influence of additional radiation can increase the effective radiation and effective emissivity of the measured surface. By using the effective emissivity to correct the measured temperature via the instrument, the true temperature of the measured surface can ultimately be obtained. The most typical additional mirror is a hemispherical mirror. Diffuse radiation from the measured surface near the center of the sphere is reflected back to the surface by the hemispherical mirror, forming additional radiation and thereby increasing the effective emissivity, where ε is the material surface emissivity and ρ is the mirror reflectivity. For radiation measurement of the true temperature of gaseous and liquid media, a method involving inserting a heat-resistant material tube to a certain depth to form a blackbody cavity can be used. The effective emissivity of the cylindrical cavity after reaching thermal equilibrium with the medium is calculated. In automatic measurement and control, this value can be used to correct the measured cavity bottom temperature (i.e., medium temperature) to obtain the true medium temperature.

XEIKON machinery sensor usage precautions

1) Errors introduced by improper installation: For example, the installation position and insertion depth of a thermocouple may not reflect the true furnace temperature. In other words, thermocouples should not be installed too close to doors or heating elements; the insertion depth should be at least 8 to 10 times the diameter of the protection tube. Gaps between the thermocouple protection tube and the wall not filled with insulating material can cause heat leakage or cold air ingress; therefore, gaps between the thermocouple protection tube and the furnace wall opening should be blocked with insulating materials such as refractory clay or asbestos rope to prevent convection of hot and cold air from affecting measurement accuracy. If the thermocouple cold junction is too close to the furnace body, the temperature may exceed 100 °C. Thermocouple installation should avoid strong magnetic and electric fields as much as possible; therefore, thermocouples and power cables should not be installed in the same conduit to avoid introducing interference and causing errors. Thermocouples should not be installed in areas with little flow of the measured medium. When using a thermocouple to measure gas temperature inside a pipe, the thermocouple must be installed against the flow direction and ensure full contact with the gas. 2) Errors introduced by deteriorated insulation: If thermocouple insulation degrades, excessive dirt or salt slag on the protection tube and terminal board can cause poor insulation between thermocouple poles and the furnace wall, which is more severe at high temperatures. This not only causes loss of thermoelectric potential but also introduces interference, potentially causing errors of up to hundreds of degrees. 3) Errors introduced by thermal inertia: Due to the thermal inertia of thermocouples, the instrument indication lags behind changes in the measured temperature, an effect that is particularly prominent during rapid measurements. Therefore, thermocouples with thinner thermoelectrodes and smaller protection tube diameters should be used whenever possible. If the measurement environment permits, the protection tube can even be removed. Due to measurement lag, the amplitude of temperature fluctuations detected by the thermocouple is smaller than the amplitude of furnace temperature fluctuations. The greater the measurement lag, the smaller the amplitude of thermocouple fluctuations and the larger the difference from the actual furnace temperature. When using thermocouples with large time constants for temperature measurement or control, although the displayed temperature fluctuates very little, the actual furnace temperature fluctuation may be significant. For accurate temperature measurement, thermocouples with small time constants should be selected. The time constant is inversely proportional to the heat transfer coefficient and directly proportional to the diameter of the thermocouple hot junction, material density, and specific heat. To reduce the time constant, besides increasing the heat transfer coefficient, the most effective method is to minimize the size of the hot junction. In use, materials with good thermal conductivity, thin-walled tubes, and small inner diameter protection tubes are typically employed. In more precise temperature measurements, bare-wire thermocouples without protection tubes are used, but they are prone to damage and should be calibrated and replaced promptly. 4) Thermal resistance error: At high temperatures, if a layer of coal ash or dust adheres to the protection tube, thermal resistance increases, hindering heat conduction, causing the temperature indication to be lower than the true value of the measured temperature. Therefore, the exterior of the thermocouple protection tube should be kept clean to reduce errors.

XEIKON machinery sensor industry applications

Temperature sensors are the earliest developed and most widely used type of sensor. The market share of temperature sensors greatly exceeds that of other sensors. People began using temperature for measurement in the early 17 century. Supported by semiconductor technology, semiconductor thermocouple sensors, PN junction temperature sensors, and integrated temperature sensors were successively developed in this century. When two conductors of different materials are joined at a point and that junction is heated, a potential difference appears at the unheated parts. The magnitude of this potential difference relates to the temperature at the measurement point of the unheated part and the materials of the two conductors. This phenomenon occurs over a wide temperature range. If this potential difference is measured precisely and the ambient temperature of the unheated part is measured, the temperature of the heated point can be accurately determined. Because it requires two conductors of different materials, it is called a 'thermocouple'. Thermocouples made of different materials are suitable for different temperature ranges, and their sensitivities vary. Thermocouple sensors have their own advantages and disadvantages; their sensitivity is relatively low, they are easily affected by environmental interference signals, and they are susceptible to temperature drift in preamplifiers, making them unsuitable for measuring minute temperature changes. Since the sensitivity of thermocouple temperature sensors is unrelated to the thickness of the material.

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