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WTW GMBH sensor is a device that converts optical signals into electrical signals. Its working principle is based on the photoelectric effect. The photoelectric effect refers to the phenomenon where electrons in a material absorb photon energy when light irradiates certain substances, resulting in corresponding electrical effects. Based on the different manifestations of the photoelectric effect, it is classified into three categories: external photoelectric effect, internal photoelectric effect, and photovoltaic effect. Photoelectric devices include phototubes, photomultiplier tubes, photoresistors, photodiodes, phototransistors, and solar cells. The performance and characteristic curves of photoelectric devices are analyzed.

WTW GMBH sensor classification

1) Contact sensors: The contacts of contact sensors actuate when two objects come into contact and press against each other. Common types include limit switches and two-dimensional matrix position sensors. Limit switches feature simple structure, reliable operation, and low cost. When an object in motion encounters a limit switch, its internal contacts actuate to complete control. For example, if limit switches are installed at both ends of the X, Y, and Z axes of a machining center, the travel range can be controlled. Two-dimensional matrix position sensors are installed on the inner side of robotic grippers to detect the contact position with an object. 2) Proximity sensors: A proximity switch is a switch that emits an "actuation" signal when an object approaches within a set distance, without requiring direct contact. There are many types of proximity switches, mainly including electromagnetic, photoelectric, differential transformer, eddy current, capacitive, reed switch, and Hall effect types. The main applications of proximity switches on CNC machine tools include tool selection control for tool turrets, worktable travel control, and piston stroke control for hydraulic and pneumatic cylinders.

WTW GMBH sensor working principle

Crankshaft position sensors are typically installed at the front end of the crankshaft (at the pulley), at the rear end near the large flywheel, or in the middle of the crankshaft. In early vehicle models, they were also installed inside the distributor. They are one of the most important sensors in the control system. Their functions include detecting engine speed, hence they are also called speed sensors; and detecting the top dead center (TDC) position of the piston, hence they are also called TDC sensors. This includes detecting TDC signals for each cylinder used for ignition control, and the TDC signal for the first cylinder used for sequential fuel injection control.

WTW GMBH sensor industry applications

1) Brushless DC motor: The position sensor is one of the three main components of a brushless DC motor system and is the primary feature distinguishing it from brushed DC motors. Its function is to detect the position of the main rotor during motion, convert the position signal of the rotor magnet poles into an electrical signal, and provide correct commutation information to the logic switching circuit. This controls their conduction and cutoff, causing the current in the motor armature windings to commutate sequentially as the rotor position changes, forming a stepwise rotating magnetic field in the air gap that drives the permanent magnet rotor to rotate continuously. Brushless DC motors require position sensors to measure rotor position; the motor controller uses these signals to synchronize inverter commutation with the rotor, driving continuous motor operation. Although brushless DC motors can detect rotor position via back electromotive force (back-EMF) generated in the stator windings, thereby eliminating the need for position sensors, the back-EMF signal is too weak to detect during startup due to low speed. Hall effect sensor chips used as position sensors for brushless DC motors are divided into switching and latching types. For electric bicycle motors, both types of Hall sensor chips can accurately measure the position of the rotor magnets. There is no difference in performance, including output power, efficiency, and torque, between brushless DC motors made with these two types of Hall sensor chips, and they are compatible with the same motor controllers. The application of position sensors reduces motor operating noise, improves motor life and performance, and achieves energy savings. The application of position sensors undoubtedly provides strong impetus to the development of the motor market. 2) Crankshaft and camshaft: The function of the position sensor is to collect crankshaft rotation angle and engine speed signals and input them to the electronic control unit (ECu) to determine ignition timing and fuel injection timing. To distinguish it from the crankshaft position sensor (CPS), the camshaft position sensor is generally denoted by CIS. The function of the camshaft position sensor is to collect the position signal of the camshaft and input it to ECU, allowing ECU to identify the compression TDC of cylinder 1, thereby enabling sequential fuel injection control, ignition timing control, and knock control. Additionally, the camshaft position signal is used to identify the first ignition timing during engine start-up. Because the camshaft position sensor can identify which cylinder's piston is approaching TDC, it is also called a cylinder identification sensor.

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