German TORSTEN BROTJE sensors, TORSTEN BROTJE models, TORSTEN BROTJE prices

TORSTEN BROTJE sensors are used in robots to mimic tactile functions. Tactile sense is an important sensory function when humans directly contact the external environment. Developing tactile sensors that meet requirements is one of the technical keys in robot development. With the development of microelectronics and the emergence of various organic materials, a variety of development plans for tactile sensors have been proposed, but most are currently at the laboratory stage, with few reaching commercialization. Tactile sensors can be roughly divided by function into contact sensors, force-torque sensors, pressure sensors, and slip sensors.

TORSTEN BROTJE sensor features

Currently, baffles can be designed according to the water flow rate to reduce water resistance generated as water passes through the flow sensor, thereby reducing head loss in the water system. However, due to long-term impact from water flow, baffles still suffer from fatigue issues; even if the flow value is calibrated at the factory, setpoint drift may occur. They are typically used where precise protection of flow values is not required, i.e., for break-flow protection against sudden interruption of water flow in pipes. There are very few designs domestically specifically for water-source heat pump units. The baffle type is specifically developed for water flow monitoring in water-loop/ground-source heat pump air conditioning units. It is equipped with different baffles for different pipe diameters. The water resistance of each baffle does not exceed 0.5 meters of water column, which is significantly lower than that of target-type sensors. Each baffle-type flow sensor is equipped with pipe fittings identical to those of the water-loop heat pump unit's water pipes. Only connection to the water pipe is required on-site, without any modification to the baffle. Additionally, the pressure rating of the baffle-type flow switch exceeds 25bar, making it a low-cost flow switch for water-loop heat pump units with less stringent water flow requirements. Feedback from use in water-loop/ground-source heat pump units shows that differential pressure switches can effectively identify problems in the on-site installation of water piping for water-loop heat pump units, completely avoiding heat exchanger freeze-up caused by low water flow. Flow sensors can also protect against heat exchanger freeze-up caused by reduced water flow due to clogged water filters. Furthermore, water pipe differential pressure switches do not carry the risk of fatigue failure associated with target flow switches. Especially when there is a small amount of air in the water piping, the flow sensor operates very stably, without floating issues similar to those of target flow switches. Feedback from years of use has not revealed any faults in the differential pressure switch itself.

TORSTEN BROTJE sensor principle

Basic principles and types of ultrasonic flowmeters When ultrasound propagates through a flowing fluid, it carries information about the fluid's flow velocity. Therefore, by receiving the ultrasonic signal, the fluid's flow velocity can be detected and converted into flow rate. Based on the detection method, ultrasonic flowmeters can be classified into different types, such as transit-time difference method, Doppler method, beam deflection method, noise method, and correlation method. Ultrasonic flowmeters are non-contact instruments that have come into application only in recent decades with the rapid development of integrated circuit technology. They are suitable for measuring fluids that are difficult to contact or observe, as well as large-diameter pipe flows. When linked with water level gauges, they can measure the flow of open channels. Using ultrasonic flow measurement eliminates the need to install sensing elements in the fluid, thus not altering the fluid's flow state or generating additional resistance. The installation and maintenance of the instrument do not affect the operation of production pipelines, making it an ideal energy-saving flowmeter. Industrial flow measurement commonly faces difficulties in measuring large pipe diameters and high flow rates. This is because conventional flowmeters encounter manufacturing and transportation challenges as the measurement pipe diameter increases, leading to higher costs, greater energy loss, and installation issues. Ultrasonic flowmeters avoid all these drawbacks. Since various types of ultrasonic flowmeters can be installed externally for non-contact flow measurement, the instrument cost is basically independent of the measured pipe diameter. In contrast, the cost of other types of flowmeters increases significantly with diameter. Therefore, for larger diameters, ultrasonic flowmeters offer a better cost-performance ratio compared to other types with similar functions. They are considered superior instruments for large-diameter flow measurement. Doppler ultrasonic flowmeters can measure the flow of two-phase media, making them suitable for measuring dirty flows such as sewage and wastewater. In power plants.

TORSTEN BROTJE sensor selection

When selecting flow sensors, users should choose appropriate sensors based on their own needs. Many users have different requirements for the sensors they use, so the selected standards also vary. If highly professional data and results are required, national standards should be adopted. However, if the sensor is used merely as a simple instrument within an enterprise for approximate analysis, enterprise standards may be selected. When purchasing flow sensors, careful consideration is essential, and one should choose sensors with guaranteed quality and good usability. Many people assume that newer sensors necessarily have higher technology levels, which is a one-sided view. New products must feature mature technology to be considered good products. In many economic sectors, accurate flow measurement has become extremely important. Nowadays, sensors are basically used for measuring flow quantities. Sensors sense fluid flow and convert it into usable output signals; installing sensors makes operations simpler and more convenient. The quantity of flowing material passing through per unit time is called flow rate. Different flow sensors are used for different materials, and flow sensor types are often distinguished by the measured medium and the measurement method. Flow sensors are generally used for measuring the flow of media fluids in industrial pipelines. Commonly, there are multiple media such as gases, liquids, and steam. Several types of flow sensors can be universally applied to these various media. The first type is the vortex shedding flow sensor. Another type is the ultrasonic flow sensor. With the development of ultrasonic technology, ultrasonic flow sensors can generally measure the flow of most flowing materials. Ultrasonic flow sensors also employ various measurement methods, each with its own characteristics. Selection should be based on factors such as the properties of the measured fluid, flow velocity distribution, pipeline installation location, and accuracy requirements. Industrial flow measurement commonly faces difficulties in measuring large pipe diameters and high flow rates. This is because conventional flow sensors encounter manufacturing and transportation challenges as the measurement pipe diameter increases, leading to higher costs, greater energy loss, and installation issues. Ultrasonic flowmeters avoid all these drawbacks. The flow measurement accuracy of ultrasonic flow sensors is hardly affected by parameters such as the temperature, pressure, viscosity, and density of the measured fluid. They can also be made into non-contact and portable measuring instruments, thereby solving flow measurement problems for strongly corrosive, non-conductive, radioactive, and flammable/explosive media that are difficult to measure with other types of instruments.

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