German TOPELO UG sensor, TOPELO UG model, TOPELO UG price

TOPELO UG sensors generally consist of 2 parts: the processing path and the processing element. Their basic principle is based on the photoelectric effect, converting changes in the measured variable into changes in optical signals, and then using photoelectric components to further convert non-electrical signals into electrical signals. The photoelectric effect refers to illuminating an object with light, which can be viewed as a stream of photons with specific energy bombarding the object. At this point, the photon energy is transferred to electrons, with the entire energy of one photon being absorbed by a single electron at once. After receiving the energy from the photon, the electron's state changes, causing the illuminated object to produce a corresponding electrical effect. The photoelectric effect is typically divided into 3 categories: (1) The phenomenon where electrons escape from the surface of an object under the influence of light is called the external photoelectric effect, such as in phototubes and photomultiplier tubes; (2) The phenomenon where the resistivity of an object changes under the influence of light is called the internal photoelectric effect, such as in photoresistors and phototransistors; (3) The phenomenon where an object generates an electromotive force in a specific direction under the influence of light is called the photovoltaic effect, such as in photocells.

TOPELO UG sensor introduction

Sensors used in robots to emulate tactile functions. Tactile sense is an important sensory function when humans directly interact with the external environment. Developing tactile sensors that meet requirements is one of the key technologies in robot development. With the advancement of microelectronics technology and the emergence of various organic materials, numerous development plans for tactile sensors have been proposed. However, most are currently in the laboratory stage, with few reaching productization. Tactile sensors can be roughly classified by function into contact sensors, force-torque sensors, pressure sensors, and slip sensors.

TOPELO UG sensor classification

Slip sensors are used to determine and measure the slippage of objects when a robot grips or handles them. They are essentially displacement sensors. Based on whether they have sliding direction detection capabilities, they can be divided into three types: non-directional, single-directional, and omni-directional. 1) Non-directional sensors include probe-earpiece types, composed of sapphire probes, metal buffers, piezoelectric Rochelle salt crystals, and rubber buffers. Sliding causes the probe to vibrate, which is converted into corresponding electrical signals by the Rochelle salt. The buffer's role is to reduce noise. 2) Single-directional sensors include drum photoelectric types. Slippage of the gripped object causes the drum to rotate, leading a photodiode to receive light signals passing through a code disk (mounted on the drum's circular face). The object's slippage is measured via the drum's rotation angle signal. 3) Omni-directional sensors use metal spheres coated with insulating material, forming a latitudinal and longitudinal distribution of conductive and non-conductive areas. When the sensor contacts an object and slips, the sphere rotates, causing the conductive and non-conductive areas on the sphere's surface to alternately contact electrodes, thereby generating on/off signals. By counting and judging these on/off signals, the magnitude and direction of slippage can be determined. This type of sensor requires high manufacturing precision.

TOPELO UG sensor applications

Tactile sensors are used to determine whether a robot (primarily its limbs) is in contact with external objects or to measure the characteristics of the contacted objects. Types of tactile sensors include micro switches, conductive rubber, carbon-impregnated sponge, carbon fiber, and pneumatic reset devices. 1) Micro switch: Composed of a spring and contacts. When the contacts touch an external object, they move away from the base plate, breaking the signal circuit, thereby detecting contact with the external object. The advantage of this normally closed (continuously connected when not in contact) micro switch is ease of use and simple structure; the disadvantages are susceptibility to mechanical oscillation and contact oxidation. 2) Conductive rubber type: It uses conductive rubber as the sensing element. When the contacts touch an external object and are compressed, the conductive rubber is pressed, changing its resistance and thus altering the current flowing through it. The disadvantage of this sensor is that variations in the material formulation of the conductive rubber lead to inconsistent drift and hysteresis characteristics; the advantage is its flexibility. 3) Carbon-impregnated sponge type: It features an elastic body made of sponge mounted on a base plate, with carbon-impregnated sponge arranged in an array within the sponge. When the contacted object applies pressure, the resistance of the carbon-impregnated sponge decreases. Measuring the magnitude of the current flowing through the carbon-impregnated sponge determines the degree of pressure. This sensor can also be used as a pressure sensor. Advantages include simple structure, good elasticity, and ease of use. Disadvantages are that the uniformity of carbon distribution directly affects measurement results, and recovery after compression is poor. 4) Carbon fiber type: The upper layer is carbon fiber, the lower layer is a base plate, and polyurethane and metal electrodes are installed in between. When contacting an external object, the carbon fiber is compressed and makes contact with the electrodes to conduct electricity. The advantage is good flexibility, allowing installation on curved surfaces of robotic arms, but hysteresis is significant. 5) Pneumatic reset type: It has a flexible insulating surface that deforms under pressure and uses compressed air as the resetting force when contact is broken. When in contact with an external object, the internal elastic dome (beryllium copper foil) contacts the lower contacts to conduct electricity. Advantages include good flexibility and high reliability, but a compressed air source is required.

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