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TESTEMP LIMITED sensors are devices that convert optical signals into electrical signals. Their operating principle is based on the photoelectric effect. The photoelectric effect refers to the phenomenon where electrons in a material absorb photon energy upon illumination, resulting in corresponding electrical effects. Based on the different manifestations of the photoelectric effect, it is categorized into three types: external photoelectric effect, internal photoelectric effect, and photovoltaic effect. Photoelectric devices include phototubes, photomultiplier tubes, photoresistors, photodiodes, phototransistors, and photocells. This section analyzes the performance and characteristic curves of photoelectric devices.

TESTEMP LIMITED sensor classification

1) Contact sensors: The contacts of contact sensors actuate when two objects come into contact and exert pressure. Common examples include limit switches and two-dimensional matrix position sensors. Limit switches feature a simple structure, reliable operation, and low cost. When a moving object encounters a limit switch, its internal contacts actuate to complete control functions. For instance, if limit switches are installed at both ends of the X, Y, and Z axes of a machining center, the travel range can be controlled. Two-dimensional matrix position sensors are installed on the inner side of robotic grippers to detect contact positions with objects. 2) Proximity sensors: A proximity switch is a switch that emits an "actuation" signal when an object approaches within a set distance, without requiring direct physical contact. There are many types of proximity switches, mainly including electromagnetic, photoelectric, differential transformer, eddy current, capacitive, reed switch, and Hall effect types. The primary applications of proximity switches on CNC machine tools include tool selection control for tool turrets, worktable travel control, and stroke control for hydraulic and pneumatic cylinder pistons.

TESTEMP LIMITED sensor working principle

The crankshaft position sensor is typically installed at the front end of the crankshaft (at the pulley), at the rear end near the large flywheel, or in the middle of the crankshaft. In earlier vehicle models, it was also installed inside the distributor. It is one of the most important sensors in the control system. Its functions include: detecting engine speed, hence it is also called a speed sensor; detecting the top dead center position of the piston, hence it is also called a top dead center sensor, including detecting the top dead center signals for each cylinder used to control ignition and the top dead center signal for the first cylinder used to control sequential fuel injection.

TESTEMP LIMITED sensor industry applications

1) Brushless DC motors: Position sensors are one of the three main components of a brushless DC motor system and are the primary feature distinguishing them from brushed DC motors. Their function is to detect the position of the main rotor during motion, convert the position signal of the rotor magnet poles into electrical signals, and provide correct commutation information to the logic switching circuit. This controls their conduction and cutoff, causing the current in the motor armature windings to commutate sequentially as the rotor position changes, forming a stepwise rotating magnetic field in the air gap that drives the permanent magnet rotor to rotate continuously. Brushless DC motors require position sensors to measure rotor position. The motor controller uses the position sensor signals to synchronize inverter commutation with the rotor, driving continuous motor operation. Although brushless DC motors can detect rotor position via the back electromotive force (back-EMF) generated in the stator windings, thereby eliminating the need for position sensors, the back-EMF signal is too weak to be detected during startup due to low speed. Hall effect sensor chips used as position sensors for brushless DC motors are classified into switching and latching types. For e-bike motors, both types of Hall sensor chips can be used to accurately measure the position of the rotor magnets. The performance of brushless DC motors made with these two types of Hall sensor chips, including output power, efficiency, and torque, shows no difference, and they are compatible with the same motor controllers. The application of position sensors reduces motor operating noise, improves motor life and performance, and achieves energy savings. The application of position sensors undoubtedly provides strong impetus to the development of the motor market. 2) Crankshaft and camshaft: The function of the position sensor is to collect crankshaft rotation angle and engine speed signals and input them to the Electronic Control Unit (ECu) to determine ignition timing and fuel injection timing. To distinguish it from the Crankshaft Position Sensor (CPS), the Camshaft Position Sensor is generally denoted as CIS. The function of the camshaft position sensor is to collect the position signal of the camshaft controlling valve timing and input it to the ECU, allowing the ECU to identify the compression TDC of cylinder 1, thereby enabling sequential fuel injection control, ignition timing control, and knock control. Additionally, the camshaft position signal is used to identify the first ignition timing during engine start-up. Because the camshaft position sensor can identify which cylinder's piston is approaching TDC, it is also called the cylinder identification sensor.

Weidou Intelligent Technology specializes in selling German TESTEMP LIMITED sensors, TESTEMP LIMITED proximity sensors, TESTEMP LIMITED distance sensors, TESTEMP LIMITED vision sensors, TESTEMP LIMITED displacement sensors, TESTEMP LIMITED load cells, TESTEMP LIMITED speed sensors, TESTEMP LIMITED photoelectric sensors, TESTEMP LIMITED position sensors, TESTEMP LIMITED angle sensors, TESTEMP LIMITED tactile sensors, TESTEMP LIMITED temperature sensors, TESTEMP LIMITED pressure sensors, TESTEMP LIMITED flow sensors, TESTEMP LIMITED level sensors, TESTEMP LIMITED motion sensors, and TESTEMP LIMITED process sensors. All products are original imports from Germany. We welcome inquiries and orders from customers.