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Square D sensor is a device that converts optical signals into electrical signals. Its working principle is based on the photoelectric effect. The photoelectric effect refers to the phenomenon where electrons in a material absorb the energy of photons when light strikes certain substances, resulting in corresponding electrical effects. Based on the different phenomena of the photoelectric effect, it is classified into three categories: external photoelectric effect, internal photoelectric effect, and photovoltaic effect. Photoelectric devices include phototubes, photomultiplier tubes, photoresistors, photodiodes, phototransistors, and photocells. The performance and characteristic curves of photoelectric devices are analyzed.

Square D sensor classification

Lasers can be divided into 4 types according to the working medium. (1) Solid-state lasers: The working medium is solid. Common types include ruby lasers, neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet lasers (i.e., YAG lasers), and neodymium glass lasers. Their structures are roughly similar, characterized by compactness, robustness, and high power. Neodymium glass lasers are the devices with the highest pulsed output power, reaching tens of megawatts. (2) Gas lasers: The working medium is gas. Various gas atomic, ion, metal vapor, and gas molecular lasers are now available. Common types include carbon dioxide lasers, helium-neon lasers, and carbon monoxide lasers. They are shaped like ordinary discharge tubes, characterized by stable output, good monochromaticity, and long life, but have lower power and lower conversion efficiency. (3) Liquid lasers: These can be further divided into chelate lasers, inorganic liquid lasers, and organic dye lasers, among which organic dye lasers are the most important. Their main feature is continuously tunable wavelength. (4) Semiconductor lasers: This is a relatively newer type of laser, with gallium arsenide lasers being the more mature variant. Characteristics include high efficiency, small size, light weight, and simple structure, making them suitable for carriage on aircraft, warships, tanks, and by infantry. They can be made into rangefinders and sights. However, they have lower output power, poorer directionality, and are significantly affected by ambient temperature.

Square D sensor principle

When a laser sensor operates, the laser emitting diode first emits laser pulses toward the target. After reflection from the target, the laser scatters in all directions. Part of the scattered light returns to the sensor receiver, is received by the optical system, and is imaged onto an avalanche photodiode. An avalanche photodiode is an optical sensor with internal amplification capability, so it can detect extremely weak optical signals and convert them into corresponding electrical signals. Commonly used is the laser distance measurement sensor, which determines the target distance by recording and processing the time elapsed from the emission of the light pulse to its reception. Laser sensors must measure the transmission time with extreme precision because the speed of light is very fast.

Square D sensor applications

Over-limit detection of vehicle width and height: Laser sensors are used for rapid measurement. An PC industrial PC and the network kernel of visualization programming software VB are utilized for real-time data transmission and processing with the sensors. User-friendly upper computer control software is also designed. Field test data shows that the system has good real-time performance and high measurement accuracy, possessing certain practical value. Highway toll stations: Used at highway toll stations for vehicle counting and safety protection. Malaysia's Teras company has already applied hundreds of sets of BEA laser sensors in its manual and automatic toll station systems. The laser sensors adopt the Time of Flight (TOF) measurement principle, forming 4 planes within the detection area to inspect vehicles. Meanwhile, the product also features functions such as anti-rear-end collision and vehicle safety protection. Compared with traditional light curtains, laser sensors offer advantages such as high sensitivity, high accuracy, easy installation, high cost-performance ratio, and strong stability. Google's second-generation driverless car: Equipped with laser sensors. In Google's second-generation autonomous vehicle prototype, besides the top-mounted laser sensor which remains quite obvious, other sensors are set up very discreetly. Distinctive Google driverless car logos are affixed to the front, rear, and sides of the vehicle. The control and driving principle of the Google driverless car involves numerous sensors installed around the car continuously collecting precise data about the vehicle itself and its surroundings. The onboard processor analyzes and computes this data, then controls the vehicle's movement based on the calculation results. The driverless car uses GPS equipment and sensors to accurately determine the vehicle's position and forward speed, and to identify surrounding pedestrians, vehicles, bicycles, traffic lights, and many other objects. On the roof of this Lexus, there is a 360° rotating laser holographic sensor, which can almost simultaneously sense the conditions in front, to the sides, and behind the car. Data collected by the sensor is input via green data cables into the processor located at the right rear of the vehicle. This laser sensor also enables global precise positioning for the driverless car. The original L-shaped Lexus emblem on the front of the car was removed and replaced with a radar sensor; this is used to measure the distance ahead and vehicle speed, in order to judge the traffic conditions ahead and control safe acceleration and deceleration. Position sensors are also mounted on the wheel hubs to detect wheel rotation, helping with vehicle positioning. The heart of the Google driverless car—the processor—is located at the right rear of the vehicle. Data information from various sensors is transmitted here via data wires, where it is analyzed and processed by software to precisely sense and judge different objects near the driverless car. In addition to analyzing and judging the current positions of objects around the driverless car, the vehicle needs to use software to calculate and accurately predict the possible next position of each object. Finally, the driverless car makes safe driving decisions based on all collected data, including controlling vehicle speed and maintaining distance from surrounding vehicles.

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