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OFFICINE CAZZAGO sensors are devices that convert optical signals into electrical signals. Their operating principle is based on the photoelectric effect. The photoelectric effect refers to the phenomenon where electrons in a material absorb photon energy when light strikes certain substances, resulting in corresponding electrical effects. Based on the different manifestations of the photoelectric effect, it is categorized into three types: external photoelectric effect, internal photoelectric effect, and photovoltaic effect. Photoelectric devices include phototubes, photomultiplier tubes, photoresistors, photodiodes, phototransistors, and photocells. The performance and characteristic curves of photoelectric devices are analyzed.

OFFICINE CAZZAGO sensor principle

Photoelectric sensors achieve control by converting changes in light intensity into changes in electrical signals. Generally, a photoelectric sensor consists of three parts: a transmitter, a receiver, and a detection circuit. The transmitter emits a light beam toward the target. The emitted light beam typically originates from semiconductor light sources, such as light-emitting diodes (LED), laser diodes, and infrared emitting diodes. The light beam is emitted continuously or with modulated pulse width. The receiver comprises photodiodes, phototransistors, and photocells. Optical components such as lenses and apertures are installed in front of the receiver. Behind it is the detection circuit, which filters valid signals and applies them. In addition, structural components of photoelectric switches include emitter plates and optical fibers.

OFFICINE CAZZAGO sensor classification

1) Slot-type photoelectric sensor: A slot-type photoelectric sensor is formed by mounting a light emitter and a receiver face-to-face on opposite sides of a slot. The emitter emits infrared or visible light, which the receiver detects when unobstructed. However, when the detected object passes through the slot, the light is blocked, triggering the photoelectric switch to output a switching control signal, thereby cutting off or connecting the load current to complete a control action. Due to structural constraints, the sensing distance of slot-type switches is generally only a few centimeters. 2) Through-beam photoelectric sensor: Separating the emitter and the receiver increases the sensing distance. A through-beam photoelectric switch consists of one emitter and one receiver, abbreviated as a through-beam photoelectric switch. The sensing distance of through-beam photoelectric switches can reach several meters or even tens of meters. When using a through-beam photoelectric switch, the emitter and receiver are mounted on opposite sides of the path through which the object passes. When the object blocks the light path, the receiver triggers and outputs a switching control signal. 3) Retro-reflective photoelectric switch: The emitter and receiver are housed in the same unit, with a reflector plate installed in front. This configuration uses the reflection principle to achieve photoelectric control and is called a retro-reflective (or mirror-reflective) photoelectric switch. Under normal conditions, the light emitted by the emitter is reflected back by the reflector plate and received by the receiver. Once the detected object blocks the light path and the receiver no longer receives light, the photoelectric switch triggers and outputs a switching control signal. 4) Diffuse-reflective photoelectric switch: The sensing head of a diffuse-reflective photoelectric switch also contains an emitter and a receiver, but there is no reflector plate in front. Under normal conditions, the receiver does not detect the light emitted by the emitter. During detection, when an object passes through, it blocks the light and reflects part of it back. The receiver then detects the light signal and outputs a switching signal.

OFFICINE CAZZAGO sensor application cases

1) Application of photoelectric sensors in laser weapons: Since photoelectric sensors are highly sensitive to infrared radiation, visible light, or both, they are more likely to become targets of laser attacks. Furthermore, electronic systems and the sensors themselves are highly susceptible to interference from thermal noise and electromagnetic noise generated by lasers, preventing normal operation. On the battlefield, laser weapons primarily attack photoelectric sensors in the following ways: using a laser beam of appropriate energy to "blind" the sensor, rendering it unable to detect or continue tracking already detected targets. Alternatively, if the sensor is guiding a weapon toward a target, blinding will cause it to lose the target. In summary, because sensors play an increasingly important role on the battlefield and are vulnerable to laser attacks, they have become the preferred targets for low-energy laser weapons. 2) Application of photoelectric sensors in automatic meter reading systems: With the development of microelectronics, sensor technology, computer technology, and modern communications, photoelectric sensors can be used to develop automatic meter reading systems. The aluminum disk of an electricity meter rotates under the torque generated by eddy currents and magnetic fields. Using a photoelectric sensor converts the number of rotations of the aluminum disk into pulse counts. For example, by partially blackening a rotating shiny aluminum disk and pairing it with a reflective photoelectric emitter-receiver pair, pulses are generated at the blackened sections as the disk rotates. The rotations of the aluminum disk are sampled and converted into corresponding pulse counts, which are then sent via an optocoupler isolation circuit to the T0 port of the CPU for counting processing. Using optocoupler isolators effectively prevents interference signals from entering the microcomputer. Combined with other transmission methods, this forms an automatic meter reading system. 3) Application of photoelectric sensors in monitoring smoke and dust pollution: A photoelectric sensor is a small electronic device that detects changes in received light intensity and achieves control functions by converting these changes into electrical signals. Due to characteristics such as non-contact operation, fast response, and reliable performance, photoelectric sensors are widely used in industrial automation equipment and robotics. We can utilize the characteristics of photoelectric sensors to detect smoke and dust conditions; thus, the strength of the output signal from the photoelectric sensor reflects changes in flue gas turbidity. 4) Hygienic washdown-resistant photoelectric sensors: Washdown-resistant sensors provide extremely high reliability and ease of use while minimizing operating costs. Equipped with IO-Link interfaces and the proTect+ sealing concept, which significantly extends service life, these two new sensors are suitable for demanding applications and represent an ideal solution for the food and beverage industry.

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