German MONTAGEWERK sensor MONTAGEWERK model MONTAGEWERK price

MONTAGEWERK sensor is a device that converts optical signals into electrical signals. Its working principle is based on the photoelectric effect. The photoelectric effect refers to the phenomenon where electrons in a material absorb the energy of photons when light strikes certain substances, resulting in corresponding electrical effects. Based on the different manifestations of the photoelectric effect, it is classified into three categories: external photoelectric effect, internal photoelectric effect, and photovoltaic effect. Photoelectric devices include phototubes, photomultiplier tubes, photoresistors, photodiodes, phototransistors, and solar cells. The performance and characteristic curves of photoelectric devices are analyzed.

MONTAGEWERK sensor introduction

Sensors used in robots to mimic tactile functions. Tactile sense is an important sensory function when humans directly interact with the external environment. Developing tactile sensors that meet requirements is one of the key technologies in robot development. With the advancement of microelectronics technology and the emergence of various organic materials, numerous development schemes for tactile sensors have been proposed. However, most are currently at the laboratory stage, with few reaching productization. Tactile sensors can be roughly classified by function into contact sensors, force-torque sensors, pressure sensors, and slip sensors.

MONTAGEWERK sensor classification

Slip sensors are used to determine and measure the slippage of objects when a robot grips or handles them. They are essentially displacement sensors. Depending on whether they have sliding direction detection capability, they can be divided into three categories: non-directional, single-directional, and omni-directional. 1) Non-directional sensors include probe-earphone types, which consist of sapphire probes, metal buffers, piezoelectric Rochelle salt crystals, and rubber buffers. Sliding causes the probe to vibrate, which is converted into corresponding electrical signals by the Rochelle salt. The buffer serves to reduce noise. 2) Single-directional sensors include drum photoelectric types. Slippage of the gripped object causes the drum to rotate, leading to a photodiode receiving light signals transmitted through a code disk (mounted on the circular face of the drum). The object's slippage is measured via the rotation angle signal of the drum. 3) Omni-directional sensors use metal spheres coated with insulating material and composed of alternating conductive and non-conductive areas arranged in a latitude-longitude distribution. When the sensor contacts an object and slides, the sphere rotates, causing the conductive and non-conductive areas on the sphere's surface to alternately contact electrodes, thereby generating on/off signals. By counting and judging these on/off signals, the magnitude and direction of slippage can be determined. This type of sensor requires high manufacturing precision.

MONTAGEWERK sensor applications

Tactile sensors are used to determine whether a robot (primarily its limbs) is in contact with external objects or to measure the characteristics of the contacted objects. Types of tactile sensors include micro switches, conductive rubber, carbon-loaded sponge, carbon fiber, and pneumatic reset devices. 1) Micro switch: Composed of a spring and contacts. When the contacts touch an external object, they move away from the substrate, breaking the signal path, thereby detecting contact with the external object. The advantage of this normally closed (continuously connected when not in contact) micro switch is ease of use and simple structure; the disadvantages are susceptibility to mechanical oscillation and contact oxidation. 2) Conductive rubber type: It uses conductive rubber as the sensitive element. When the contacts touch an external object and are compressed, the conductive rubber is pressed, changing its resistance and thus altering the current flowing through it. The disadvantage of this sensor is that drift and hysteresis characteristics vary due to differences in the conductive rubber material formulation; the advantage is its flexibility. 3) Carbon-loaded sponge type: It features an elastic body made of sponge mounted on a substrate, with carbon-loaded sponge arranged in an array within the sponge. When the contacted object applies pressure, the resistance of the carbon-loaded sponge decreases. Measuring the magnitude of the current flowing through the carbon-loaded sponge determines the degree of pressure. This sensor can also be used as a pressure sensor. Advantages include simple structure, good elasticity, and ease of use. Disadvantages are that the uniformity of carbon distribution directly affects measurement results, and recovery capability after pressure release is poor. 4) Carbon fiber type: The upper layer is carbon fiber, the lower layer is a substrate, and urethane and metal electrodes are installed in between. When contacting an external object, the carbon fiber is compressed and makes electrical contact with the electrodes. The advantage is good flexibility, allowing installation on curved surfaces of robotic arms, but hysteresis is significant. 5) Pneumatic reset type: It has a flexible insulating surface that deforms under pressure and uses compressed air as the resetting force when contact is released. When in contact with an external object, the internal elastic dome (beryllium copper foil) contacts the lower contacts to conduct electricity. Advantages include good flexibility and high reliability, but a compressed air source is required.

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