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MICROMETAL sensors are components that convert changes in non-electrical quantities (such as speed and pressure) into changes in electrical quantities. Depending on the non-electrical quantity converted, they can be classified into pressure sensors, speed sensors, temperature sensors, etc., and serve as parts and accessories for measurement, control instruments, and equipment.

MICROMETAL sensor classification

Lasers can be divided into 4 types based on the working medium. (1) Solid-state lasers: The working medium is solid. Common types include ruby lasers, neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet lasers (i.e., YAG lasers), and neodymium glass lasers. Their structures are roughly similar, characterized by being compact, robust, and high-power. Neodymium glass lasers are devices with the highest pulsed output power, reaching tens of megawatts. (2) Gas lasers: The working medium is gas. Various gas atomic, ion, metal vapor, and gas molecular lasers now exist. Common types include carbon dioxide lasers, helium-neon lasers, and carbon monoxide lasers. Their shape resembles ordinary discharge tubes, characterized by stable output, good monochromaticity, and long life, but lower power and lower conversion efficiency. (3) Liquid lasers: These can be further divided into chelate lasers, inorganic liquid lasers, and organic dye lasers, among which organic dye lasers are the most important. Their main characteristic is continuously tunable wavelength. (4) Semiconductor lasers: This is a relatively newer type of laser, with gallium arsenide lasers being the more mature variant. Characteristics include high efficiency, small size, light weight, and simple structure, making them suitable for use on aircraft, warships, tanks, and for carrying by infantry. They can be made into rangefinders and sights. However, they have lower output power, poorer directionality, and are significantly affected by ambient temperature.

MICROMETAL sensor principle

When a laser sensor operates, a laser diode first emits laser pulses toward the target. After reflection from the target, the laser scatters in various directions. Part of the scattered light returns to the sensor receiver, where it is received by the optical system and imaged onto an avalanche photodiode. An avalanche photodiode is an optical sensor with internal amplification capability, enabling it to detect extremely weak light signals and convert them into corresponding electrical signals. A common type is the laser distance sensor, which determines the target distance by recording and processing the time elapsed from the emission of the light pulse to its reception. Laser sensors must measure transmission time with extreme precision because the speed of light is very fast.

MICROMETAL sensor applications

Oversize vehicle width and height detection: Laser sensors are used for rapid measurement. An PC industrial PC and the network kernel of visualization programming software VB are utilized for real-time data transmission and processing with the sensors. User-friendly upper-computer control software has also been designed. Field test data indicate that the system offers good real-time performance and high measurement accuracy, demonstrating practical value. Highway toll stations: Used at highway toll stations for vehicle counting and safety protection. Malaysia's Teras company has already applied hundreds of BEA laser sensors in its manual and automatic toll station systems. The laser sensors adopt the Time-of-Flight (TOF) measurement principle, forming 4 planes within the detection area to inspect vehicles. Additionally, the product features functions such as anti-rear-end collision and vehicle safety protection. Compared to traditional light curtains, laser sensors offer advantages such as high sensitivity, high accuracy, easy installation, cost-effectiveness, and strong stability. Google's second-generation driverless car: Equipped with laser sensors. In Google's second-generation autonomous vehicle prototype, besides the prominently visible laser sensor on the roof, other sensors are installed very discreetly. Distinctive Google driverless car logos are affixed to the front, rear, and sides of the vehicle. The control and driving principle of the Google driverless car involves numerous sensors installed around the car continuously collecting precise data about the vehicle itself and its surroundings. The onboard processor analyzes and computes this data, then controls the vehicle's movement based on the results. The driverless car utilizes GPS devices and sensors to accurately determine the vehicle's position and forward speed, identifying surrounding pedestrians, vehicles, bicycles, traffic lights, and many other objects. The roof of this Lexus vehicle features a 360° rotating laser holographic sensor, capable of almost simultaneously sensing conditions in front of, beside, and behind the car. Data collected by the sensor is input via green data cables to the processor located on the right rear side of the vehicle. This laser sensor also enables global precise positioning for the driverless car. The original L type Lexus emblem on the front of the car was removed and replaced with a radar sensor, used to measure forward distance and vehicle speed to assess traffic conditions ahead and control safe acceleration and deceleration. Position sensors are also installed on the tire hubs to detect wheel rotation, aiding in vehicle positioning. The heart of the Google driverless car—the processor—is located on the right rear side of the vehicle. Data information from all sensors is transmitted here via data cables for software analysis and processing, enabling precise sensing and judgment of different objects near the driverless car. In addition to analyzing and judging the current positions of objects around the driverless car, the vehicle needs to use software to calculate and accurately predict the possible next position of each object. Finally, the driverless car makes safe driving decisions based on all collected data, including controlling vehicle speed and maintaining distance from surrounding vehicles.

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