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METROLOGIC sensors are used in robots to mimic tactile functions. Touch is an important sensory function when humans come into direct contact with the external environment. Developing tactile sensors that meet requirements is one of the technical keys in robot development. With the development of microelectronics and the emergence of various organic materials, a variety of development plans for tactile sensors have been proposed, but most are currently in the laboratory stage, with few reaching commercialization. Tactile sensors can be roughly divided by function into contact sensors, force-torque sensors, pressure sensors, and slip sensors.

METROLOGIC sensor features

Currently, baffles can be designed according to the water flow rate to reduce the water resistance generated when water flows through the flow sensor, thereby reducing head loss in the water system. However, due to long-term impact from water flow, baffle-type sensors still suffer from fatigue issues, and setpoint drift may occur even if the flow value was calibrated at the factory. They are typically used where precise protection of flow values is not required, i.e., for break-flow protection against sudden interruption of water flow in pipes. There are very few designs in China specifically for water-source heat pump units. The baffle type is specifically developed for water flow monitoring in water-loop/ground-source heat pump air conditioning units. It is equipped with different baffles for different pipe diameters, and the water resistance of each baffle does not exceed 0.5 meters of water column, which is significantly lower than that of target-type sensors. Each baffle-type flow sensor is equipped with pipe fittings identical to those of the water-loop heat pump unit's water pipes. Only connection to the water pipe is required on-site, without any changes to the baffle. In addition, the pressure rating of the baffle-type flow switch is greater than 25bar, making it a low-cost flow switch for water-loop heat pump units with low water flow requirements. Feedback from use in water-loop/ground-source heat pump units shows that differential pressure switches can effectively identify problems with on-site installed water piping in water-loop heat pump units, completely avoiding heat exchanger freeze-up caused by low water flow. Flow sensors can also protect against heat exchanger freeze-up caused by decreased water flow due to clogged water filters. Additionally, water pipe differential pressure switches do not carry the risk of fatigue failure associated with target flow switches. Especially when there is a small amount of air in the water pipes, the flow sensor operates very stably without floating issues similar to those of target flow switches. Feedback from years of use has not revealed any faults with the differential pressure switch itself.

METROLOGIC sensor principle

Basic principles and types of ultrasonic flowmeters: When ultrasonic waves propagate in a flowing fluid, they carry information about the fluid's flow velocity. Therefore, the fluid's flow velocity can be detected by receiving the ultrasonic waves, which is then converted into flow rate. Depending on the detection method, ultrasonic flowmeters can be divided into different types such as transit-time difference method, Doppler method, beam deflection method, noise method, and correlation method. Ultrasonic flowmeters are non-contact instruments that have only begun to be applied in the last decade or so with the rapid development of integrated circuit technology. They are suitable for measuring fluids that are difficult to contact and observe, as well as large-diameter pipe flows. Linked with water level gauges, they can measure open channel flow. Using ultrasonic flow measurement means no measuring elements need to be installed in the fluid, so the fluid's flow state is not changed, no additional resistance is generated, and instrument installation and maintenance do not affect production pipeline operation, making it an ideal energy-saving flowmeter. Industrial flow measurement generally faces difficulties in measuring large pipe diameters and large flows. This is because general flowmeters encounter manufacturing and transportation difficulties as the measurement pipe diameter increases, leading to higher costs, greater energy loss, and installation challenges. Ultrasonic flowmeters avoid all these disadvantages. Since all types of ultrasonic flowmeters can be installed externally and measure flow non-contactly, the instrument cost is basically unrelated to the measured pipe diameter. In contrast, the cost of other types of flowmeters increases substantially with diameter. Therefore, the larger the diameter, the more superior the cost-performance ratio of ultrasonic flowmeters compared to other types with similar functions. They are considered better instruments for large-diameter flow measurement. Doppler method ultrasonic flowmeters can measure two-phase media flow, so they can be used for measuring dirty flows such as sewers and sewage. In power plants.

METROLOGIC sensor selection

When selecting flow sensors, users should choose suitable sensors based on their own needs. Many users have different requirements for the sensors they use, so the standards selected vary. If professional data and results are needed, national standards should be selected. However, if it is just for simple analysis as an instrument within an enterprise, enterprise standards can be selected. If purchasing flow sensors, everyone must consider carefully and choose sensors with guaranteed quality and good usability. Because many people think that new sensors have higher technology, this is a very one-sided view. New products must possess mature technology to be good products. In many economic sectors, accurate flow measurement has become very important. Nowadays, sensors are basically used to measure flow volume. Sensors sense fluid flow and convert it into usable output signals; installing sensors makes operation simpler and more convenient. The quantity of flowing objects passing through per unit time is called flow rate, and different flow sensors are used for different objects, often distinguished by the measured medium and measurement method. Flow sensors are generally used for the flow of media fluids in industrial pipelines. Generally, there are various media such as gas, liquid, and steam, and several types of flow sensors can be universal for these media. The first is the vortex flow sensor. Another is the ultrasonic flow sensor. With the development of ultrasonic technology, ultrasonic flow sensors can generally measure the flow of most flowing objects. Ultrasonic flow sensors have various measurement methods, each with its own characteristics. We should select based on factors such as the properties of the measured fluid, flow velocity distribution, pipeline installation location, and accuracy requirements. Since industrial flow measurement generally faces difficulties in measuring large pipe diameters and large flows—because general flow sensors encounter manufacturing and transportation difficulties as the measurement pipe diameter increases, leading to higher costs, greater energy loss, and installation challenges—ultrasonic flowmeters avoid all these disadvantages. The flow measurement accuracy of ultrasonic flow sensors is hardly affected by parameters such as temperature, pressure, viscosity, and density of the measured fluid. They can also be made into non-contact and portable measuring instruments, thus solving flow measurement problems for strongly corrosive, non-conductive, radioactive, and flammable/explosive media that are difficult for other types of instruments to measure.

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