German KERN ELEKTRONIK sensors, KERN ELEKTRONIK models, KERN ELEKTRONIK prices

KERN ELEKTRONIK sensors are sensors that use laser technology for measurement. They consist of a laser emitter, a laser detector, and a measurement circuit. Laser sensors are a new type of measuring instrument; their advantages include the ability to perform non-contact long-distance measurement, high speed, high precision, large measuring range, and strong resistance to optical and electrical interference.

KERN ELEKTRONIK sensor introduction

Sensors used in robots to mimic tactile functions. Tactile sense is an important sensory function when humans directly contact the external environment. Developing tactile sensors that meet requirements is one of the technical keys in robot development. With the development of microelectronics technology and the emergence of various organic materials, a variety of development plans for tactile sensors have been proposed, but most are currently at the laboratory stage, with few achieving commercialization. Tactile sensors can be roughly classified by function into contact sensors, force-torque sensors, pressure sensors, and slip sensors.

KERN ELEKTRONIK sensor classification

Slip sensors are used to determine and measure the slippage of objects when a robot grips or handles them. They are essentially displacement sensors. Based on whether they have sliding direction detection capability, they can be divided into three categories: non-directional, single-directional, and omni-directional. 1) Non-directional sensors include the probe-earphone type, which consists of a sapphire probe, a metal buffer, a piezoelectric Rochelle salt crystal, and a rubber buffer. Sliding causes the probe to vibrate, which is converted into a corresponding electrical signal by the Rochelle salt. The buffer serves to reduce noise. 2) Single-directional sensors include the drum photoelectric type. Slippage of the gripped object causes the drum to rotate, leading a photodiode to receive light signals transmitted through a code disk (mounted on the circular face of the drum). The object's slippage is measured via the drum's rotation angle signal. 3) Omni-directional sensors use metal balls surfaced with insulating material and composed of latitudinal and longitudinal distributions of conductive and non-conductive areas. When the sensor contacts an object and slippage occurs, the ball rotates, causing the conductive and non-conductive areas on the ball's surface to alternately contact electrodes, thereby generating on-off signals. By counting and judging these on-off signals, the magnitude and direction of slippage can be measured. This type of sensor requires a high level of manufacturing craftsmanship.

KERN ELEKTRONIK sensor applications

Contact sensors are used to determine whether a robot (mainly referring to limbs) has contacted an external object or to measure the characteristics of the contacted object. Types of contact sensors include micro switches, conductive rubber, carbon-impregnated sponge, carbon fiber, and pneumatic reset devices. 1) Micro switch: Composed of a spring and a contact tip. When the contact tip touches an external object, it moves away from the base plate, breaking the signal circuit, thereby detecting contact with the external object. The advantage of this normally closed (continuously connected when not in contact) micro switch is ease of use and simple structure; the disadvantages are susceptibility to mechanical oscillation and oxidation of the contact tip. 2) Conductive rubber type: Uses conductive rubber as the sensitive element. When the contact tip touches an external object and is pressed, it compresses the conductive rubber, changing its resistance and thus altering the current flowing through it. The disadvantage of this sensor is that due to variations in the material formulation of the conductive rubber, drift and hysteresis characteristics are inconsistent; the advantage is flexibility. 3) Carbon-impregnated sponge type: Features an elastic body made of sponge mounted on a substrate, with carbon-impregnated sponge arranged in an array within the sponge. When contacting an object under pressure, the resistance of the carbon-impregnated sponge decreases. Measuring the magnitude of the current flowing through the carbon-impregnated sponge determines the degree of pressure. This sensor can also be used as a pressure sensor. Advantages include simple structure, good elasticity, and ease of use. Disadvantages are that the uniformity of carbon distribution directly affects measurement results, and recovery after pressure is poor. 4) Carbon fiber type: Uses carbon fiber as the upper layer, a substrate as the lower layer, and urethane with metal electrodes in between. When contacting an external object, the carbon fiber is compressed and makes contact with the electrode to conduct electricity. The advantage is good flexibility, allowing installation on curved surfaces of mechanical arms, but hysteresis is significant. 5) Pneumatic reset type: Features a flexible insulating surface that deforms under pressure and uses compressed air as the resetting force when contact is lost. When contacting an external object, the internal elastic bubble (beryllium copper foil) contacts the lower touch point to conduct electricity. Advantages include good flexibility and high reliability, but a compressed air source is required.

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