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Dr Brandt sensor is a measurement feedback device that operates based on the optical principle of gratings. Grating scales are frequently used in closed-loop servo systems of CNC machine tools and can be used for detecting linear or angular displacement. The measurement output signal is a digital pulse, characterized by a large detection range, high detection accuracy, and fast response speed. For example, in CNC machine tools, they are often used to detect the coordinates of the tool and workpiece to observe and track feed errors, thereby compensating for the motion error of the tool. Grating scales are classified according to different manufacturing methods and optical principles into transmission gratings and reflection gratings.

Dr Brandt sensor classification

Lasers can be divided into 4 types based on the working medium. (1) Solid-state lasers: The working medium is solid. Common types include ruby lasers, neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet lasers (i.e., YAG lasers), and neodymium glass lasers. Their structures are roughly similar, characterized by being compact and robust with high power. Neodymium glass lasers are devices with the highest pulsed output power, reaching tens of megawatts. (2) Gas lasers: The working medium is gas. There are now various gas atomic, ion, metal vapor, and gas molecular lasers. Common types include carbon dioxide lasers, helium-neon lasers, and carbon monoxide lasers. Their shape resembles ordinary discharge tubes, characterized by stable output, good monochromaticity, and long life, but lower power and lower conversion efficiency. (3) Liquid lasers: These can be further divided into chelate lasers, inorganic liquid lasers, and organic dye lasers, among which organic dye lasers are the most important. Their main characteristic is continuously tunable wavelength. (4) Semiconductor lasers: This is a relatively newer type of laser, with gallium arsenide lasers being more mature. Characteristics include high efficiency, small size, light weight, and simple structure, making them suitable for carrying on aircraft, warships, tanks, and by infantry. They can be made into rangefinders and sights. However, they have lower output power, poorer directionality, and are significantly affected by ambient temperature.

Dr Brandt sensor principle

When a laser sensor operates, the laser emitting diode first emits a laser pulse toward the target. After reflecting off the target, the laser scatters in all directions. Part of the scattered light returns to the sensor receiver, where it is received by the optical system and imaged onto an avalanche photodiode. An avalanche photodiode is an optical sensor with internal amplification capability, so it can detect extremely weak light signals and convert them into corresponding electrical signals. A common type is the laser distance sensor, which determines the target distance by recording and processing the time elapsed from the emission of the light pulse to its reception. Laser sensors must measure the transmission time with extreme precision because the speed of light is very fast.

Dr Brandt sensor applications

Over-limit detection of vehicle width and height: Laser sensors are used for rapid measurement. The network kernel of the PC industrial PC and visualization programming software VB is utilized for real-time data transmission and processing with the sensors. Additionally, user-friendly upper computer control software has been designed. Field test data shows that the system has good real-time performance and high measurement accuracy, possessing certain practical value. Highway toll stations: Used at highway toll stations for vehicle counting and safety protection. Malaysia's Teras company has already applied hundreds of sets of BEA laser sensors in its manual and automatic toll station systems. The laser sensors adopt the Time of Flight (TOF) measurement principle, forming 4 planes within the detection area to detect vehicles. Meanwhile, the product also features functions such as anti-rear-end collision and vehicle safety protection. Compared to traditional light curtains, laser sensors offer advantages such as high sensitivity, high accuracy, convenient installation, high cost-performance ratio, and strong stability. Google's second-generation driverless car: Equipped with laser sensors. In Google's second-generation autonomous vehicle prototype, besides the prominent laser sensor on the roof, other sensors are set up very discreetly. Obvious Google driverless car logos are affixed to the front, rear, and sides of the vehicle. The control and driving principle of the Google driverless car involves numerous sensors installed around the car continuously collecting precise data about the vehicle itself and its surroundings. The onboard processor analyzes and calculates this data, then controls the vehicle's movement based on the results. The driverless car uses GPS equipment and sensors to accurately locate the vehicle's position and forward speed, identifying surrounding pedestrians, vehicles, bicycles, traffic lights, and many other objects. On the roof of this Lexus, there is a 360° rotating laser holographic sensor that can almost simultaneously sense conditions in front of, to the side of, and behind the car. Data collected by the sensor is input via green data cables into the processor located on the right rear side of the vehicle. This laser sensor also allows the driverless car to achieve global precise positioning. The original L-shaped Lexus emblem on the front of the car was removed and replaced with a radar sensor; this is used to measure the distance ahead and vehicle speed to determine the condition of the road ahead and control safe acceleration and deceleration. Position sensors are also mounted on the tire hubs to detect wheel rotation, helping with vehicle localization. The heart of the Google driverless car—the processor—is located on the right rear side of the vehicle. Data information from various sensors is transmitted here via data wires, where software analyzes and processes it for precise sensing and judgment of different objects near the driverless car. In addition to analyzing and judging the current positions of objects around the driverless car, the software must also calculate and accurately predict the possible next position of each object. Finally, the driverless car makes safe driving decisions based on all collected data, including controlling vehicle speed and distance from surrounding vehicles.

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