German Apsilens sensors, Apsilens models, Apsilens prices

Apsilens sensors are used to measure the robot's own position. Position sensors can be divided into two types: contact sensors and proximity sensors. These sensors detect the position of the measured object and convert it into a usable output signal. Position sensors can be used to detect position and reflect switches in certain states. Unlike displacement sensors, position sensors come in contact and proximity types.

Apsilens sensor classification

1) Contact type: The sensing part of contact temperature sensors has good contact with the measured object, also known as thermometers. Thermometers reach thermal equilibrium through conduction or convection, allowing the thermometer reading to directly indicate the temperature of the measured object. Generally, the measurement accuracy is high. Within a certain temperature measurement range, thermometers can also measure the internal temperature distribution of objects. However, significant measurement errors occur for moving bodies, small targets, or objects with very small heat capacity. Commonly used thermometers include bimetallic thermometers, glass liquid thermometers, pressure thermometers, resistance thermometers, thermistors, and thermocouples. They are widely used in industrial, agricultural, commercial, and other sectors. People also frequently use these thermometers in daily life. With the widespread application of cryogenic technology in national defense engineering, space technology, metallurgy, electronics, food, medicine, petrochemicals, and research into superconducting technology, cryogenic thermometers for measuring temperatures below 120K have been developed, such as low-temperature gas thermometers, vapor pressure thermometers, acoustic thermometers, paramagnetic salt thermometers, quantum thermometers, low-temperature thermal resistors, and low-temperature thermocouples. Cryogenic thermometers require sensing elements that are small in volume, highly accurate, and have good reproducibility and stability. Carburized glass thermal resistors, formed by carburizing and sintering porous high-silica oxygen glass, are one type of sensing element for cryogenic thermometers, suitable for measuring temperatures in the range of 1.6 to 300K. 2) Non-contact type: Its sensitive element does not touch the measured object, also known as non-contact temperature measuring instruments. These instruments can be used to measure the surface temperature of moving objects, small targets, objects with small heat capacity, or objects with rapid temperature changes (transient), and can also be used to measure temperature field distributions. The most commonly used non-contact temperature measuring instruments are based on the basic laws of blackbody radiation, called radiation thermometers. Radiation temperature measurement methods include brightness methods (see optical pyrometers), radiation methods (see radiation pyrometers), and colorimetric methods (see colorimetric thermometers). Various radiation temperature measurement methods can only measure corresponding luminance temperature, radiation temperature, or colorimetric temperature. Only the temperature measured for a blackbody (an object that absorbs all radiation and reflects no light) is the true temperature. To determine the true temperature of an object, correction for the material's surface emissivity is required. Material surface emissivity depends not only on temperature and wavelength but also on surface condition, coating, and microstructure, making precise measurement difficult. In automated production, radiation temperature measurement is often used to measure or control the surface temperature of certain objects, such as steel strip rolling temperature, roll temperature, forging temperature, and the temperature of various molten metals in smelting furnaces or crucibles in metallurgy. In these specific cases, measuring the object's surface emissivity is quite difficult. For automatic measurement and control of solid surface temperatures, additional mirrors can be used to form a blackbody cavity with the measured surface. The influence of additional radiation can increase the effective radiation and effective emissivity of the measured surface. By using the effective emissivity to correct the measured temperature via the instrument, the true temperature of the measured surface can ultimately be obtained. The most typical additional mirror is a hemispherical mirror. Diffuse radiation from the measured surface near the center of the sphere is reflected back to the surface by the hemispherical mirror, forming additional radiation and thereby increasing the effective emissivity, where ε is the material surface emissivity and ρ is the mirror's reflectivity. For radiation measurement of the true temperature of gas and liquid media, a method involving inserting a heat-resistant material tube to a certain depth to form a blackbody cavity can be used. The effective emissivity of the cylindrical cavity after reaching thermal equilibrium with the medium is calculated. In automatic measurement and control, this value can be used to correct the measured cavity bottom temperature (i.e., medium temperature) to obtain the true temperature of the medium.

Apsilens sensor usage precautions

1) Errors introduced by improper installation: For example, the installation position and insertion depth of the thermocouple cannot reflect the true temperature of the furnace chamber. In other words, the thermocouple should not be installed too close to doors or heating elements, and the insertion depth should be at least 8 to 10 times the diameter of the protection tube; if the gap between the thermocouple protection tube and the wall is not filled with insulating material, heat leakage from the furnace or intrusion of cold air may occur. Therefore, the gap between the thermocouple protection tube and the furnace wall hole should be blocked with insulating materials such as refractory clay or asbestos rope to prevent convection of hot and cold air from affecting temperature measurement accuracy; if the cold junction of the thermocouple is too close to the furnace body, the temperature may exceed 100℃; thermocouple installation should avoid strong magnetic and electric fields as much as possible, so thermocouples and power cables should not be installed in the same conduit to avoid introducing interference and causing errors; thermocouples should not be installed in areas where the measured medium flows minimally. When using a thermocouple to measure gas temperature in a pipe, the thermocouple must be installed against the flow direction and have sufficient contact with the gas. 2) Errors introduced by deteriorated insulation: If the thermocouple insulation is compromised, excessive dirt or salt residue on the protection tube and pull plate can cause poor insulation between the thermocouple poles and the furnace wall, which is more severe at high temperatures. This not only causes loss of thermoelectric potential but also introduces interference, with resulting errors sometimes reaching hundreds of degrees. 3) Errors introduced by thermal inertia: Due to the thermal inertia of the thermocouple, the instrument's indication lags behind changes in the measured temperature, an effect that is particularly prominent during rapid measurements. Therefore, thermocouples with thinner thermoelectrodes and smaller protection tube diameters should be used as much as possible. If the temperature measurement environment permits, the protection tube can even be removed. Due to measurement lag, the amplitude of temperature fluctuations detected by the thermocouple is smaller than the amplitude of furnace temperature fluctuations. The greater the measurement lag, the smaller the amplitude of thermocouple fluctuations, and the larger the difference from the actual furnace temperature. When using thermocouples with large time constants for temperature measurement or control, although the temperature displayed by the instrument fluctuates very little, the actual furnace temperature may fluctuate significantly. To measure temperature accurately, thermocouples with small time constants should be selected. The time constant is inversely proportional to the heat transfer coefficient and directly proportional to the diameter of the thermocouple's hot junction, the material density, and the specific heat. To reduce the time constant, besides increasing the heat transfer coefficient, the most effective method is to minimize the size of the hot junction. In use, materials with good thermal conductivity, thin-walled tubes, and small inner diameter protection sleeves are typically employed. In more precise temperature measurements, bare-wire thermocouples without protection sleeves are used, but these are prone to damage and should be calibrated and replaced promptly. 4) Thermal resistance error: At high temperatures, if a layer of coal ash or dust adheres to the protection tube, thermal resistance increases, hindering heat conduction, causing the temperature reading to be lower than the true value of the measured temperature. Therefore, the exterior of the thermocouple protection tube should be kept clean to reduce errors.

Apsilens sensor industry applications

Temperature sensors are the earliest developed and most widely used type of sensor. The market share of temperature sensors greatly exceeds that of other sensors. People began using temperature for measurement in the early 17 century. Supported by semiconductor technology, semiconductor thermocouple sensors, PN junction temperature sensors, and integrated temperature sensors were successively developed in this century. When two conductors of different materials are connected at a point and that junction is heated, a potential difference appears at their unheated parts. The value of this potential difference is related to the temperature at the measurement point of the unheated part and the materials of the two conductors. This phenomenon can occur over a wide temperature range. If this potential difference is measured precisely and the ambient temperature of the unheated part is measured, the temperature of the heated point can be accurately determined. Because it requires two conductors of different materials, it is called a "thermocouple." Thermocouples made of different materials are used in different temperature ranges, and their sensitivities vary. Thermocouple sensors have their own advantages and disadvantages; their sensitivity is relatively low, they are easily affected by environmental interference signals, and they are also susceptible to the temperature drift of preamplifiers, making them unsuitable for measuring minute temperature changes. Since the sensitivity of thermocouple temperature sensors is unrelated to the thickness of the material.

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