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SALMSON pumps are an important component in hydraulic systems. They rely on the reciprocating motion of plungers within the cylinder block to change the volume of the sealed working chamber, thereby achieving oil suction and discharge. Plunger pumps offer advantages such as high rated pressure, compact structure, high efficiency, and convenient flow regulation. Plunger pumps are widely used in applications requiring high pressure, large flow rates, and flow adjustment, such as hydraulic presses, construction machinery, and ships.

SALMSON pump classification

Plunger pumps are generally classified into single-plunger pumps, horizontal plunger pumps, axial plunger pumps, and radial plunger pumps. 1) Single-plunger pump: The main structural components include an eccentric wheel, plunger, spring, cylinder block, and two check valves. A sealed volume is formed between the plunger and the cylinder bore. One rotation of the eccentric wheel causes the plunger to reciprocate once; downward motion sucks in oil, and upward motion discharges oil. The volume of oil discharged per revolution of the pump is called displacement, which depends only on the pump's structural parameters. 2) Horizontal plunger pump: Horizontal plunger pumps consist of several plungers (typically 3 or 6) installed in parallel. A 1 crankshaft drives the plungers in reciprocating motion via connecting rod sliders or directly through an eccentric shaft, achieving liquid suction and discharge. They also use valve-type distribution devices and are mostly fixed-displacement pumps. Emulsion pumps in coal mine hydraulic support systems are generally horizontal plunger pumps. Emulsion pumps are used at coal mining faces to supply emulsion to hydraulic supports. Their operating principle relies on the rotation of the crankshaft to drive the Piston in reciprocating motion, achieving liquid suction and discharge. 3) Axial type: Axial Piston pump (English name: Piston pump) are plunger pumps where the reciprocating motion direction of the piston or plunger is parallel to the central axis of the cylinder block. Axial plunger pumps operate by utilizing the volume change generated by the reciprocating motion of plungers parallel to the drive shaft within the plunger bores. Since both the plunger and plunger bore are circular parts, they can achieve very precise mating, resulting in high volumetric efficiency. 4) Straight-axis swashplate type: Straight-axis swashplate plunger pumps are divided into pressure-supply type and self-priming type. Pressure-supply hydraulic pumps mostly use pressurized tanks. For hydraulic tanks relying on air pressure for supply, the machine must only be operated after the hydraulic tank reaches the required operating pressure following each startup. If the machine is started when the hydraulic tank pressure is insufficient, it can cause detachment of the slipper shoes inside the hydraulic pump, leading to abnormal wear between the return plate and the pressure plate within the pump body. 5) Radial type: Radial plunger pumps can be divided into two categories: valve distribution and shaft distribution. Valve-distribution radial plunger pumps have disadvantages such as high failure rates and low efficiency. Shaft-distribution radial plunger pumps developed internationally in the 70s and 80s overcame the shortcomings of valve-distribution radial plunger pumps. Due to the structural characteristics of radial pumps, shaft-distribution radial plunger pumps are more impact-resistant, have longer service lives, and offer higher control precision than axial plunger pumps. Variable displacement in short-stroke variable pumps is achieved by changing the eccentricity of the stator under the action of the variable plunger and limit plunger. The maximum eccentricity of the stator is 5–9mm (depending on displacement size), resulting in a very short variable stroke. Furthermore, the variable mechanism is designed for high-pressure operation and controlled by a control valve, giving the pump a fast response speed. The radial design overcomes issues such as uneven slipper shoe wear found in axial plunger pumps, significantly improving impact resistance. 6) Hydraulic type: Hydraulic plunger pumps rely on pressurized hydraulic tanks. After each machine startup, operation must wait until the hydraulic tank reaches the required operating pressure. Straight-axis swashplate plunger pumps are divided into pressure-supply type and self-priming type. Pressure-supply hydraulic pumps mostly use pressurized tanks, though some hydraulic pumps have built-in boost pumps to supply pressure oil to the inlet. Self-priming hydraulic pumps have strong self-priming capabilities and do not require external oil supply.

SALMSON pump operating mode

During operation, the cam on the fuel injection pump camshaft and the plunger spring force the plunger to reciprocate up and down, completing the pumping task. The pumping process can be divided into the following three stages. Conclusion: From the above discussion, the following conclusions are drawn: (1) The total stroke L of the plunger reciprocating motion is constant and determined by the cam lift. (2) The fuel supply volume per plunger cycle depends on the supply stroke, which is variable and not controlled by the camshaft. (3) The start of fuel supply does not change with variations in the supply stroke. (4) Rotating the plunger changes the end of fuel supply timing, thereby altering the fuel supply volume. 3. Domestic series plunger fuel injection pumps: Domestic series plunger pumps mainly include A, B, P, Z, and Series I, II, III. Standardization is based on different fuel supply requirements according to the single-cylinder power range of diesel engines. Using plunger stroke, pump cylinder center distance, and structural type as the basis, different plunger diameters are paired to form several types of fuel injection pumps with varying fuel supply volumes per working cycle, meeting the needs of various diesel engines. The working principles and structural types of domestic series fuel injection pumps are basically the same. Taking the A type pump as an example, the structure and working principle of plunger fuel injection pumps are introduced. The plunger pump consists of four main parts: the pumping element, fuel quantity adjustment mechanism, drive mechanism, and pump body. It features microprocessor intelligent control, LCD display, and communication with computers, offering stable working pressure, low pulsation, and easy operation. It is widely used in biochemistry, pharmaceutical, chemical, environmental protection, and other industries, meeting the requirements for continuous constant-pressure and constant-flow liquid transmission in these sectors.

SALMSON pump maintenance

(1) Inspect the plunger for scratches and corrosion; replace with new parts if necessary. (2) Check the mating condition of the plunger assembly. Insert the plunger end into the plunger sleeve and tilt it approximately 60°. If the plunger slides down slowly under its own weight, the mating is good. (3) Check the sealing of the plunger assembly. Hold the plunger sleeve with one hand, blocking the top and side oil inlet ports of the plunger with two fingers. Pull out the plunger with the other hand. If significant suction is felt and the plunger immediately retracts to its original position upon release, the plunger assembly sealing is good; otherwise, replace the plunger assembly. (4) Inspect the decompression band of the delivery valve assembly for wear, steps, or scratches; replace if necessary. (5) Check the mating condition of the delivery valve assembly. Block the lower hole of the delivery valve with one finger and gently press the delivery valve downward with another finger. When the finger is removed from the top of the delivery valve, if it automatically springs back to its original position, the delivery valve assembly sealing is good; otherwise, replace the delivery valve assembly. (6) Inspect the tappet body. The standard clearance between the fuel injection pump body and the tappet body is 0–0.03mm. If it exceeds 0.2mm, replace the parts. (7) Check the clearance between the plunger flange and the groove of the control sleeve, which should be 0.02–0.08mm. If it exceeds 0.12mm, the control sleeve must be replaced.

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