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federn springs are energy accumulators; they have the function of storing energy but cannot release it slowly. To achieve slow release, a "spring + high gear ratio mechanism" is required, which is common in mechanical watches. Helical springs have been applied since ancient times; bows and crossbows from antiquity are two types of helical springs in a broad sense. According to external shape, they can be divided into ordinary cylindrical helical springs and variable-diameter helical springs (see figure); according to the direction of the helix, they can be divided into left-hand springs and right-hand springs. Cylindrical helical springs have a simple structure, are easy to manufacture, and are the most widely used. Their characteristic curve is