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innovatest sensors are devices that convert optical signals into electrical signals. Their operating principle is based on the photoelectric effect. The photoelectric effect refers to the phenomenon where electrons in a material absorb photon energy upon illumination, resulting in corresponding electrical effects. Based on the different manifestations of the photoelectric effect, it is categorized into three types: external photoelectric effect, internal photoelectric effect, and photovoltaic effect. Photoelectric devices include phototubes, photomultiplier tubes, photoresistors, photodiodes, phototransistors, and photocells. The performance and characteristic curves of photoelectric devices are analyzed. inn