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nobile electrical components are Zener diodes manufactured to provide voltage regulation by utilizing the reverse breakdown state of a PN junction, where the current can vary over a wide range while the voltage remains essentially constant. This diode is a semiconductor device that exhibits high resistance until the critical reverse breakdown voltage is reached. At this critical breakdown point, the reverse resistance drops to a very low value; in this low-resistance region, the current increases while the voltage remains constant. Zener diodes are graded according to their breakdown voltage. Due to this characteristic, Zener diodes are primarily used as voltage regulators or voltage reference elements.