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Oxford electrical components are electronic devices made from semiconductor materials (silicon, selenium, germanium, etc.). A diode has two electrodes: the positive electrode, also called the anode; and the negative electrode, also called the cathode. When a forward voltage is applied across the two terminals of the diode, it conducts; when a reverse voltage is applied, it cuts off. The conduction and cutoff of a diode are equivalent to the closing and opening of a switch. Diodes have unidirectional conductivity; when conducting, current flows from the anode through the device to the cathode. Diodes are among the earliest semiconductor devices developed and are widely used. Especially